Question 1

Which model for criminal justice is oriented more to the rights of defendants?

Accepted Answer

The due process model emphasizes the rights of defendants, ensuring fair treatment under the law and protection from arbitrary or abusive practices by the state. It prioritizes legal procedures and safeguards to protect innocent individuals from wrongful conviction.

Question 2

The final phase in the criminal justice process is _____.

Accepted Answer

The final phase in the criminal justice process is corrections, which involves the sentencing, incarceration, and rehabilitation of convicted individuals.

Question 3

Which of the following statements is True about the adjudication phase of the criminal justice process?

Accepted Answer

The adjudication phase involves the court's process of hearing and resolving a case, which is conducted by a judge and may involve a jury, depending on the legal system and the nature of the case.

Question 4

According to the criminal justice process, the adjudication phase is immediately succeeded by the _____ phase.

Accepted Answer

The adjudication phase, where the guilt or innocence of the defendant is determined, is immediately followed by the sentencing and sanctions phase, where the appropriate punishment is decided.

Question 5

The intent of __________ is to deter police from engaging in illegal practices, and to keep the courts from condoning such conduct.

Accepted Answer

The exclusionary rule is intended to deter police from engaging in illegal practices by preventing evidence obtained in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights from being used in court.

Question 6

The Miranda warning lays down the standards of procedural fairness mandated by which Amendments to the U.S. Constitution?

Accepted Answer

The Miranda warning is derived from the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Miranda v. Arizona (1966), which primarily involves the Fourth Amendment (protection against unreasonable searches and seizures), the Fifth Amendment (right against self-incrimination), and the Sixth Amendment (rights to a fair trial, including the right to counsel).

Question 7

In the context of the criminal justice process, _____ is a preview of the trial in court before a judge, in which the prosecution must produce enough evidence to convince the judge that the case should proceed to trial or to the grand jury.

Accepted Answer

A preliminary hearing is a proceeding before a judge where the prosecution must show sufficient evidence that a crime was committed and that the defendant likely committed it, to justify moving forward to a trial.

Question 8

In the __________, in which the defendant need not present any evidence, the defendant gains the advantage of finding out how the prosecution's case is being developed.

Accepted Answer

In a preliminary hearing, the defendant can see the evidence and arguments the prosecution has against them without needing to present any defense. This provides insight into the prosecution's case development.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is True about plea bargaining?

Accepted Answer

Plea bargaining allows for the adjustment of legal rules and defenses by providing a mechanism for negotiation and compromise between the prosecution and defense, which can lead to more nuanced outcomes in cases involving complex legal issues like mistake or insanity.

Question 10

A grand jury indictment must rest on evidence indicating a __________ case against the defendant.

Accepted Answer

"Prima facie" is a Latin term meaning "at first sight" or "on its face." In legal contexts, it refers to evidence that, unless rebutted, would be sufficient to prove a particular proposition or fact. The term is commonly used to describe a case that is strong enough to warrant going to trial.

Question 11

A prima facie case exists where there seems to be __________ to convict the defendant.

Accepted Answer

A prima facie case exists when there appears to be sufficient evidence to convict the defendant, indicating that, on the face of it, there is enough proof to proceed with the case.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is True about parole?

Accepted Answer

Parole is indeed an early release option from prison, where an inmate can be released before completing their full sentence based on the decision of a parole board. This decision is often contingent on factors such as behavior, rehabilitation progress, and the nature of the crime committed.

Question 13

Throughout the criminal justice process, the number of persons within the system steadily decreases. This phenomenon is called the __________ rate.

Accepted Answer

The correct term is "attrition rate," which refers to the gradual reduction in the number of individuals as they pass through the stages of the criminal justice process, due to various factors such as cases being dropped, acquittals, or plea bargains.

Question 14

The number of juveniles arrested in 2010 was

Accepted Answer

In 2010, the number of juveniles arrested in the United States was approximately 1.28 million.

Question 15

The term in loco parentis means

Accepted Answer

The term "in loco parentis" is a legal term that means "in the place of a parent." It refers to the legal responsibility of a person or organization to take on some of the functions and responsibilities of a parent.

Question 16

The nation's first juvenile court was located in

Accepted Answer

The nation's first juvenile court was established in Chicago, Illinois, in 1899, marking a significant shift in the legal system's approach to handling juvenile offenders.

Question 17

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that children also have rights that are protected by the Constitution?

Accepted Answer

In re Gault was a landmark Supreme Court case that established that juveniles accused of crimes in a delinquency proceeding must be afforded many of the same due process rights as adults, including the right to timely notification of charges, the right to confront witnesses, the right against self-incrimination, and the right to counsel. This case significantly expanded the rights of minors under the U.S. Constitution.

Question 18

In the __________, the juvenile judge must decide whether the facts warrant a decision in accordance with the petition.

Accepted Answer

In the adjudicatory hearing, the judge reviews the evidence and facts to determine if the juvenile committed the offense as charged in the petition, similar to a trial phase in adult court.

Question 19

In _____ states, victims now have the right to state their views at sentencing hearings.

Accepted Answer

In 30 states, victims have the right to state their views at sentencing hearings, reflecting a broader trend towards incorporating victim impact statements in the judicial process.

Question 20

A promising new strategy for involving victims in the sentencing process is the opportunity of reconciling victim and offender in some cases, with or without compensation for victim. One such program began operating in 1992

Accepted Answer

The program mentioned began operating in 1992 at the Graterford, Pennsylvania, Correctional Institution. This initiative was part of a broader movement towards restorative justice, which seeks to involve victims in the sentencing process and, in some cases, aims for reconciliation between victim and offender.

Quiz 15: Processes and Decisions