Question 1

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children often were valued for their contributions to the home.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 2

Behaviorism is the discipline that studies the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of humans.

Accepted Answer

Behaviorism is a theory of learning which states that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment through a process called conditioning. It does not directly study physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development but rather focuses on observable behaviors and how they're learned.

Question 3

Negative reinforcers decrease the frequency of behaviors when they are removed.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcers increase the frequency of behaviors when they are removed, as their removal strengthens the behavior they follow.

Question 4

In social cognitive theory, the people after whom we pattern our own behavior are termed models.

Accepted Answer

In social cognitive theory, individuals learn and pattern their behaviors by observing others, who are referred to as models. These models can be real or fictional characters from whom individuals learn behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions.

Question 5

Social cognitive theorists focus on people's mental processes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social cognitive theorists focus on people's mental...

Question 6

The exosystem involves the interaction of children with beliefs, values, expectations, and lifestyles of their cultural settings.

Accepted Answer

The exosystem refers to the settings that indirectly influence a child's development, such as parental workplaces or community services, rather than direct interactions with cultural settings.

Question 7

When learning with other people, children externalize the conversations and explanation that help them gain the necessary skills.

Accepted Answer

The answer of When learning with other people, children externalize...

Question 8

Researchers are continually trying to sort out the extent to which human behavior is the result of nature and of nurture.

Accepted Answer

The nature vs. nurture debate is ongoing in the fields of psychology and sociology, with researchers examining how genetic factors (nature) and environmental influences (nurture) contribute to human behavior.

Question 9

Correlational information can reveal relationships between variables, but it does not show cause and effect.

Accepted Answer

Correlational research identifies whether a relationship exists between two or more variables, but it cannot determine if one variable causes a change in another variable; causation requires experimental manipulation.

Question 10

Experiments are usually undertaken to test a hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

Experiments are designed and conducted specifically to test hypotheses by systematically manipulating variables to observe the effects on certain outcomes.

Question 11

The dependent variable is a variable whose presence is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects can be determined.

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured in an experiment, not manipulated. It is the outcome that is affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 12

Participants should not be offered information about the results of the study.

Accepted Answer

Participants have the right to be informed about the results of the study if they express interest, as part of the ethical principles guiding research involving human subjects.

Question 13

The identities of the participants in a study are to remain confidential.

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality in research studies means that the identities of participants are not disclosed without their consent, protecting their privacy and personal information.

Question 14

A Skinner box uses the reinforcement of water.

Accepted Answer

A Skinner box, also known as an operant conditioning chamber, can use the reinforcement of water, among other reinforcers, to modify the behavior of the animal subject inside it.

Question 15

The Skinner box teaches pigeons to learn and alter behavior.

Accepted Answer

The Skinner box, developed by B.F. Skinner, is a controlled environment used for animal behavior experiments, including teaching pigeons to peck at keys to receive food, thereby learning and altering their behavior based on reinforcement.

Question 16

How long has scientific inquiry into human development existed?
A) Since the Middle Ages
B) A little more than a century
C) In the last twenty years
D) Since the 1600s

Accepted Answer

Scientific inquiry into human development has been a formal field of study for a little more than a century, evolving significantly in its approaches and theories over time.

Question 17

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as innately evil and ____.
A) family social functions excluded them
B) school was mandatory
C) discipline was harsh
D) free time was often used as a punishment

Accepted Answer

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children were often viewed as innately evil, which led to the belief that they needed strict discipline to correct their inherent flaws. This perspective resulted in harsh disciplinary practices.

Question 18

In the Middle Ages, children could be sent to the monastery against their will because they were ____.
A) legally considered property
B) considered to be divine
C) not needed at home
D) in need of discipline

Accepted Answer

In the Middle Ages, children were often considered the property of their parents, who had the legal right to make decisions for them, including sending them to monasteries.

Question 19

In the Middle Ages children who turned 7 years old were expected to work with the adults in the home and field because they ____.
A) had reached legal age
B) had reached puberty
C) had reached an age of adulthood
D) had reached an age of reason

Accepted Answer

In the Middle Ages, the age of 7 was considered the "age of reason," when children were thought to be capable of moral reasoning and therefore could take on more responsibilities, including work.

Question 20

Eddie came into this world without either good or evil. Anything he became was a result of the experiences he had as a child. What is this an example of?
A) the age of reason
B) tabula rasa
C) inherent traits
D) environmental development

Accepted Answer

This is an example of "tabula rasa," a theory that suggests individuals are born without built-in mental content and that all knowledge comes from experience or perception.

Quiz 1: What Is Lifespan Development