Question 1

Lev Vygotsky emphasized that children have to discover concepts on their own.​

Accepted Answer

Lev Vygotsky believed that children learn best through guidance and scaffolding from more knowledgeable others, such as parents, teachers, or peers. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions and collaborative learning in the development of higher-order cognitive processes.

Question 2

Piaget used the term egocentric to mean "selfish" or "unwilling to share."​

Accepted Answer

Piaget used the term egocentric to mean that a child sees things only from their own perspective and finds it difficult to understand other people's perspectives or feelings. It doesn't necessarily mean that a child is selfish or unwilling to share.

Question 3

Selective attrition is a greater problem with longitudinal research than with cross-sectional research.​

Accepted Answer

Longitudinal research involves following a group of participants over time, which increases the likelihood of participants dropping out or being lost to follow-up, leading to selective attrition. In contrast, cross-sectional research involves gathering data at a single point in time and does not involve following participants over time, making selective attrition less of a concern.

Question 4

An apparent "anxious attachment" in the Strange Situation means the same thing for Japanese infants as it does for American infants.​

Accepted Answer

Cultural differences impact the interpretation of attachment behaviors. In the Strange Situation, what might be classified as "anxious attachment" in American infants could be seen differently in Japanese infants due to different cultural norms and expectations around child-rearing and emotional expression.

Question 5

If a young developing neuron gets too little excitation,it self-destructs.​

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is called "apoptosis", where a neuron that is not receiving enough input will undergo programmed cell death. This is a natural mechanism for fine-tuning the neural circuits in the developing brain.

Question 6

Most people experience intense "storm and stress" throughout their adolescent years.​

Accepted Answer

While some adolescents experience periods of "storm and stress," it is not universal or intense for all individuals. Research indicates that adolescence can be a period of growth and adaptation, and the experience varies widely among individuals.

Question 7

Infants show no indication of learning or memory before age 2 weeks.​

Accepted Answer

Infants can begin to show signs of learning and memory as early as a few days or weeks after birth, through habituation and recognition of familiar stimuli. However, their ability to form long-term explicit memories is still developing and may not fully mature until later in childhood.

Question 8

To study whether nervous children tend to become nervous adults,a longitudinal design is better than a cross-sectional design.​

Accepted Answer

A longitudinal design allows researchers to follow the same group of individuals over a period of time, which is more appropriate for studying the development of traits such as nervousness. A cross-sectional design, on the other hand, only provides a snapshot of a group of individuals at a single point in time, making it difficult to make conclusions about changes over time.

Question 9

If a cross-sectional study shows a difference between people of different ages,the difference might be due to a cohort effect.​

Accepted Answer

A cohort effect occurs when a group of individuals who share a common experience or exposure, such as being born during a particular time period, exhibit differences in outcomes compared to individuals who did not have that experience or exposure. In a cross-sectional study, age is often used as a proxy for the time period in which an individual was born or lived through, making it possible for a cohort effect to be present.

Question 10

A child sees someone hide a small toy in a tiny room.Now the task is to find the larger toy in the full-sized room.Young children might or might not find it,depending on how someone words the instructions.​

Accepted Answer

Young children's ability to generalize a task from a model to the real world can depend on how instructions are given, demonstrating their developing cognitive and language comprehension skills.

Question 11

Jean Piaget argued that children's thinking is just like that of adults,except that children's thinking is slower and less well informed.​

Accepted Answer

Jean Piaget actually argued that children's thinking is qualitatively different from that of adults, involving different stages and processes, rather than simply being slower and less well informed.

Question 12

Infants may or may not seem to understand object permanence,depending on how we test them.​

Accepted Answer

While some tests may suggest that infants as young as 3 months old have a grasp of object permanence, other tests may indicate that they do not fully understand it until around 8-12 months. Therefore, the answer is true – it depends on the specific test being used.

Question 13

Cohort effects influence longitudinal studies more than they do cross-sectional studies.​

Accepted Answer

Cohort effects influence cross-sectional studies more than they do longitudinal studies because cross-sectional studies compare different groups at one point in time, making it difficult to separate age effects from cohort effects, whereas longitudinal studies follow the same group over time, minimizing the impact of cohort differences.

Question 14

Infants start making muscle movements before their sense organs send any messages to the brain.​

Accepted Answer

This is true. It is because the nervous system starts developing even before birth and the basic reflexes like sucking and grasping are present at birth. These reflexes are controlled by the spinal cord and brainstem without conscious control from the brain. Later on, as the sensory organs develop, the brain starts receiving messages from them and learns to coordinate muscle movements with sensory input.

Question 15

Even month-old infants notice the difference between the sounds "ba" and "pa."​

Accepted Answer

This is true. Studies have shown that infants as young as one month old can distinguish between the sounds "ba" and "pa" based on differences in the way the sounds are produced and the way they sound. This ability is an important foundation for later language development.

Question 16

A child who fails one of Piaget's conservation tasks will fail them all.​

Accepted Answer

Piaget's conservation tasks involve different properties such as number, volume, and weight, and a child's ability to successfully conserve one property does not guarantee success in conserving others. Therefore, a child can fail one conservation task and successfully complete another.

Question 17

According to Erik Erikson,someone who has problems at one stage of development will probably continue to have difficulties at later ages.​

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that if a person experiences difficulties resolving a conflict in one stage, they may have difficulty in subsequent stages. This is because each stage builds upon the successes or failures of the previous stage. So, if a person does not successfully resolve a conflict in one stage, it can have a negative impact on their ability to successfully resolve conflicts in later stages.

Question 18

Suppose we put a colored dot on a child's face.Now the child looks in a mirror.A child who has a "sense of self" will react by pointing to the dot in the mirror.​

Accepted Answer

A child with a "sense of self" will react by touching the dot on their own face, not the dot in the mirror, indicating they recognize the reflection as themselves and understand the dot is on them, not on the mirror image.

Question 19

Very young infants pay attention to pictures of faces only if the pictures are highly realistic.​

Accepted Answer

Very young infants are actually attracted to and pay attention to pictures of faces even if they are not highly realistic, showing a preference for face-like patterns from a very early age.

Question 20

Piaget emphasized that children move gradually from one stage to another,and frequently fluctuate among stages.​

Accepted Answer

Piaget proposed that children progress through four distinct stages of cognitive development in a fixed order without fluctuating among stages, and he did not emphasize gradual transition but rather qualitatively different stages.

Quiz 5: A: Development

Lev Vygotsky emphasized that children have to discover concepts on their own.​

Piaget used the term egocentric to mean "selfish" or "unwilling to share."​

Selective attrition is a greater problem with longitudinal research than with cross-sectional research.​

An apparent "anxious attachment" in the Strange Situation means the same thing for Japanese infants as it does for American infants.​

If a young developing neuron gets too little excitation,it self-destructs.​

Most people experience intense "storm and stress" throughout their adolescent years.​

Infants show no indication of learning or memory before age 2 weeks.​

To study whether nervous children tend to become nervous adults,a longitudinal design is better than a cross-sectional design.​

If a cross-sectional study shows a difference between people of different ages,the difference might be due to a cohort effect.​

A child sees someone hide a small toy in a tiny room.Now the task is to find the larger toy in the full-sized room.Young children might or might not find it,depending on how someone words the instructions.​

Jean Piaget argued that children's thinking is just like that of adults,except that children's thinking is slower and less well informed.​

Infants may or may not seem to understand object permanence,depending on how we test them.​

Cohort effects influence longitudinal studies more than they do cross-sectional studies.​

Infants start making muscle movements before their sense organs send any messages to the brain.​

Even month-old infants notice the difference between the sounds "ba" and "pa."​

A child who fails one of Piaget's conservation tasks will fail them all.​

According to Erik Erikson,someone who has problems at one stage of development will probably continue to have difficulties at later ages.​

Suppose we put a colored dot on a child's face.Now the child looks in a mirror.A child who has a "sense of self" will react by pointing to the dot in the mirror.​

Very young infants pay attention to pictures of faces only if the pictures are highly realistic.​

Piaget emphasized that children move gradually from one stage to another,and frequently fluctuate among stages.​

Lev Vygotsky emphasized that children have to discover concepts on their own.

Piaget used the term egocentric to mean "selfish" or "unwilling to share."

Selective attrition is a greater problem with longitudinal research than with cross-sectional research.

An apparent "anxious attachment" in the Strange Situation means the same thing for Japanese infants as it does for American infants.

If a young developing neuron gets too little excitation,it self-destructs.

Most people experience intense "storm and stress" throughout their adolescent years.

Infants show no indication of learning or memory before age 2 weeks.

To study whether nervous children tend to become nervous adults,a longitudinal design is better than a cross-sectional design.

If a cross-sectional study shows a difference between people of different ages,the difference might be due to a cohort effect.

A child sees someone hide a small toy in a tiny room.Now the task is to find the larger toy in the full-sized room.Young children might or might not find it,depending on how someone words the instructions.

Jean Piaget argued that children's thinking is just like that of adults,except that children's thinking is slower and less well informed.

Infants may or may not seem to understand object permanence,depending on how we test them.

Cohort effects influence longitudinal studies more than they do cross-sectional studies.

Infants start making muscle movements before their sense organs send any messages to the brain.

Even month-old infants notice the difference between the sounds "ba" and "pa."

A child who fails one of Piaget's conservation tasks will fail them all.

According to Erik Erikson,someone who has problems at one stage of development will probably continue to have difficulties at later ages.

Suppose we put a colored dot on a child's face.Now the child looks in a mirror.A child who has a "sense of self" will react by pointing to the dot in the mirror.

Very young infants pay attention to pictures of faces only if the pictures are highly realistic.

Piaget emphasized that children move gradually from one stage to another,and frequently fluctuate among stages.