Question 1

Josee went to the supermarket to buy some food. First she picked up a basket to carry her groceries, then she looked at her shopping list. She then went to the relevant aisles and placed the items in her basket. When she had finished findings all the items she stood in line at the checkout. After the cashier put the groceries in bags, Josee left the store. When reading this story, we know that Josee paid for her groceries at some point because of our supermarket ________ that is stored in memory

Accepted Answer

A script is a sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation, like shopping at a supermarket, which includes paying for groceries.

Question 2

The common or typical value that occupies the frame:

Accepted Answer

The term "default value" refers to the common or typical value that is pre-set or assumed in a system or application when no user input is provided. It acts as a fallback or standard setting.

Question 3

In Schacter's (1999) view, the sin of absent-mindedness is primarily due to:

Accepted Answer

The sin of absent-mindedness, according to Schacter, is primarily due to a failure of attention during the encoding process, meaning that information is not properly stored in memory because the individual is not fully focused on the task or event at the time it occurs.

Question 4

Roediger & McDermott (1995) performed an experiment in which subjects were presented with lists of semantically related items and then (after a short interval filled with an arithmetic task) given a yes/no recognition test, which include critical lures among the items. Their work illustrated:

Accepted Answer

Roediger & McDermott (1995) demonstrated the phenomenon of false memories by showing that people often mistakenly believe they have seen or heard a word (the critical lure) that is semantically related to the words on the list but was not actually presented. This illustrates how memory can be influenced and false memories created.

Question 5

Reporting having seen a yield sign in a video of a car crash (when no sign was present) after being asked a question that mentioned a yield sign (e.g., "Did the car slow down at the yield sign prior to the accident?")

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. In this case, the question about a yield sign that wasn't actually present leads to a false memory of seeing one.

Question 6

Which of the following is a source of memory distortion?

Accepted Answer

Source misattribution is a source of memory distortion, where a person can remember information but cannot remember where the information came from. This can lead to inaccuracies in recalling events or details.

Question 7

Which of the following is most likely to lead to stronger memory distortions?

Accepted Answer

Imagining that an event occurred can lead to the creation of false memories or the distortion of existing memories, as the act of imagination can make the event seem more real or plausible, thereby increasing the likelihood of memory distortions.

Question 8

Lindsay et al. (2004) report describing a pseudo-event (a childhood story of putting green slime in a teacher's desk) in the context of two "real" events from the person's own childhood. Half were also shown their (real) grade school class picture. They were to come back in a week for further testing. Which describes their result after this one-week delay?

Accepted Answer

The photo group showed a significant increase in the percentage of participants who believed they had actually performed the pseudo-event after being shown their grade school class picture, indicating the power of suggestive imagery in altering memory.

Question 9

Overconfidence in memory can derive from:

Accepted Answer

Processing fluency, or the ease with which information is processed, can lead to overconfidence in memory. When information is processed smoothly, individuals may become overly confident in the accuracy of their memories.

Question 10

The tendency to remember things one would rather forget:

Accepted Answer

Persistence refers to the phenomenon where memories continue to stay in one's mind, especially those that one might prefer to forget. This can include unwanted or intrusive thoughts that persistently recur.

Question 11

Believing you learned a fact from one of your courses when you actually read about it on the internet is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Source misattribution occurs when someone remembers the information but forgets or mistakes the source of that information. In this case, believing a fact was learned in a course when it was actually read on the internet is a classic example of misattributing the source of the information.

Question 12

Autobiographical memory refers to:

Accepted Answer

Autobiographical memory specifically refers to a person's memory for events and experiences from their own life, making D the correct choice.

Question 13

A script involves knowing about:

Accepted Answer

A script refers to a sequence of actions or events that are expected to occur in a particular context, often related to routine activities or specific events.

Question 14

Mary Jane went to the restaurant, sat down, and put on her reading glasses. She knew she should do this because her restaurant script had been activated and so:

Accepted Answer

Putting on reading glasses upon sitting down in a restaurant, especially when one's "restaurant script" is activated, implies preparation to read something, typically the menu. This is a common behavior associated with dining out, where reading the menu is an expected part of the experience.

Question 15

False memories:

Accepted Answer

False memories are a consequence of the reconstructive nature of memory, where the act of remembering involves piecing together fragments of information, sometimes leading to inaccuracies or entirely fabricated memories.

Question 16

According to Schank and Abelson (1977), only one concept is necessary to activate a script.

Accepted Answer

Schank and Abelson (1977) proposed that scripts are activated by a combination of concepts, not just one. A script, in their theory, is a structured sequence of events in a particular context, and recognizing multiple elements or concepts is often necessary to trigger the understanding of a whole script.

Question 17

The case grammar approach focuses its analysis on the thematic relatedness of the concepts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The case grammar approach focuses its analysis...

Question 18

In the sentence "Joachim hit the ball", the central relation is "hit".

Accepted Answer

In the sentence, "hit" is the verb that describes the action taking place, making it the central relation between the subject "Joachim" and the object "the ball."

Question 19

Node-plus-pathway and list-of-arguments (semantic cases) are both methods for representing propositions.

Accepted Answer

Both node-plus-pathway and list-of-arguments are semantic cases used in computational linguistics and artificial intelligence to represent the meaning of propositions by structuring information in a way that reflects the relationships between concepts.

Question 20

Content accuracy is enhanced by the tendency to integrate related information together.

Accepted Answer

Integrating related information helps in creating a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the content, enhancing its accuracy.

Quiz 8: Using Knowledge in the Real World