Question 1

Cody is surprised when his wife, Jessica, snaps at him for no reason. Then he remembers that she had a big presentation at work and was up the night before. If he assumes her behavior is related to lack of sleep and stress at work, he is making a(n) _____________ attribution.

Accepted Answer

Cody is attributing Jessica's behavior to external factors (lack of sleep and stress at work) rather than something inherent in her personality or disposition.

Question 2

In considering why someone behaves the way he or she does, we can examine whether the particular behavior typically occurs in that situation. This is also called ____________ in Kelley's (1967) model.

Accepted Answer

Consistency refers to whether a person's behavior in a particular situation is consistent over time. In Kelley's model, it helps determine if the behavior is typical for that situation.

Question 3

Marco is angry that his friend Anthony is late. Their movie starts in 15 minutes. One of the pieces of information Marco uses to evaluate why his friend is late is whether Anthony has been late other times they have plans. Which factor of Kelley's (1967) model is Marco considering?

Accepted Answer

Consistency refers to whether an individual behaves the same way in similar situations over time. Marco is considering if Anthony has a pattern of being late, which aligns with the consistency factor in Kelley's attribution theory.

Question 4

According to Kelley (1967), one way we can determine why a person behaves the way he or she does is to examine whether the behavior of interest also occurs in other situations. This component of the model is called

Accepted Answer

Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual's behavior is unique to a particular situation or occurs across different situations. Kelley's attribution theory suggests that if a behavior is high in distinctiveness (i.e., it only occurs in specific situations), we are more likely to attribute the behavior to the situation rather than to the person's disposition.

Question 5

Derek realized his girlfriend, Sherry, seemed particularly stressed out when it was exam time, but not during other times. According to Kelley's attributional model, Sherry's stressed-out behavior is

Accepted Answer

Kelley's attributional model suggests that if a behavior (like being stressed) occurs in specific situations (like exam time) but not in others, it is considered distinctive. This means the behavior is unique to certain conditions, which in this case, is Sherry being stressed only during exams.

Question 6

Kelley's (1967) attributional model suggests that determining whether other people typically exhibit the same behavior in the same situation shows the presence or absence of

Accepted Answer

Kelley's attributional model uses consensus to determine if other people behave similarly in the same situation, indicating whether the behavior is common across individuals or unique to the person in question.

Question 7

After having lunch with her friend, Jean became very ill. She called her friend to determine whether she was sick as well. According to Kelley (1967), Jean is looking for __________ to determine whether she has food poisoning.

Accepted Answer

Jean is seeking consensus information, which involves comparing her reactions to those of others to determine if the cause of her illness is specific to her or shared by others, such as food poisoning from a common meal.

Question 8

____________ factors can influence our perception of a situation because individuals with different levels of vision and hearing do not perceive the environment similarly to those with normal vision and hearing.

Accepted Answer

Physiological factors, such as the levels of vision and hearing, directly influence how individuals perceive their environment, as these sensory abilities affect the way in which information from the surroundings is received and processed.

Question 9

Being tired, overwhelmed by stress, or busy at work can all influence our perceptions of others. These three factors are examples of

Accepted Answer

These factors are related to one's physical and mental condition or state, rather than senses, attributes, or cultural differences.

Question 10

Research on beauty suggests people respond more favorably to others they find

Accepted Answer

Research consistently shows that people tend to respond more favorably to individuals they find physically attractive, a phenomenon often referred to as the attractiveness bias or the halo effect.

Question 11

Sophia, an attractive Italian model, has been diagnosed with depression as many times as Eva, a less attractive college student majoring in accounting. Which of the following statements best explains this?

Accepted Answer

Attractiveness does not necessarily equate to personal happiness or self-perception of attractiveness. Sophia's case illustrates that despite societal perceptions of attractiveness, individuals may not view themselves in the same light, which can impact their mental health and happiness.

Question 12

Jade has been somewhat down lately, and her friends are getting concerned. They suggest a night on the town scoping out good-looking guys. According to Kenrick, Montello, Gutierres, and Trost (1993), why might this work?

Accepted Answer

According to Kenrick, Montello, Gutierres, and Trost (1993), seeing attractive people of the opposite sex can lead to a more positive mood. This is based on research indicating that our mood can be influenced by the attractiveness of those around us, particularly those of the opposite sex.

Question 13

One concern about the pursuit of thinness in Western culture is that

Accepted Answer

The concern is that a significant percentage of teenage girls attempt to lose weight due to a perception of being too heavy, which may not align with actual health needs or realistic body images, reflecting the pressure from cultural standards of thinness.

Question 14

___________ is the comfortable amount of distance between people in conversation.

Accepted Answer

Personal space refers to the comfortable amount of distance between people in conversation, allowing individuals to feel at ease without feeling crowded or intruded upon.

Question 15

At a recent party, Claire suddenly became uncomfortable when a person she didn't know well began talking with her only inches from her face. This stranger violated the rules of which zone of Claire's personal space?

Accepted Answer

The intimate zone is reserved for close relationships and family, typically involving distances under 18 inches. The stranger's behavior of talking only inches from Claire's face encroached upon this zone, making her uncomfortable.

Question 16

The intimate zone of personal space spans

Accepted Answer

The intimate zone of personal space typically spans 0-18 inches, allowing for close personal interactions such as hugging, whispering, or intimate conversation.

Question 17

The "intimate zone" of personal space applies to the distance we feel comfortable interacting with

Accepted Answer

The "intimate zone" of personal space typically applies to the distance we feel comfortable with when interacting with our closest friends and loved ones, indicating a high level of comfort and personal connection.

Question 18

The "personal zone" is the amount of space where we feel comfortable interacting with

Accepted Answer

The "personal zone" typically refers to the space where we feel comfortable interacting with friends, acquaintances, and familiar coworkers, as it is less intimate than the space reserved for closest friends and loved ones.

Question 19

Jason thought it was odd that his close friend Zach kept a greater distance from him than he expected. Instead of 0-18 inches, Zach had suddenly kept his distance at least 4 or more feet from Jason when they talked. This greater distance in personal space is usually referred to as the

Accepted Answer

The social zone typically ranges from about 4 to 12 feet and is used for conversations among acquaintances or in professional settings, which explains the distance Zach kept from Jason.

Question 20

According to research on personal space, our urge to back up when another comes too close allows us to

Accepted Answer

Our urge to back up when someone comes too close is a natural reaction to maintain or reestablish a comfortable distance between individuals, ensuring personal space is respected.

Quiz 5: The Role of Perception in Human Relations