Question 1

The key to avoiding inflexible ethnocentrism lies in our ___________ our own ethnocentrism.
A) acceptance of
B) resistance to
C) awareness of
D) willingness to ignore

Accepted Answer

Awareness of our own ethnocentrism is crucial for avoiding its inflexible aspects because it allows us to recognize and understand our biases, leading to more open and respectful interactions with other cultures.

Question 2

In contrast to an American woman showing her hair, the custom for Muslim women is to wear a ________ or scarf to cover their hair.
A) fedora
B) veil
C) baseball cap
D) hijab

Accepted Answer

The correct term for the scarf that Muslim women wear to cover their hair is "hijab."

Question 3

Which of the following is the best specific way to develop flexible ethnocentrism?
A) Accept your own culture.
B) Resist learning about other cultures.
C) Ignore differences in others.
D) Spend time with someone who seems different from you.

Accepted Answer

Spending time with someone who seems different from you encourages understanding and appreciation of diverse perspectives, which is key to developing flexible ethnocentrism.

Question 4

A generalization about a group of people that assumes the members of the group share common characteristics is a(n)
A) prototype.
B) stereotype.
C) assessment.
D) value.

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are overgeneralized beliefs about a particular category of people that assume all members of that group share certain characteristics.

Question 5

Beth was surprised to hear the John was in a fraternity. "I thought fraternity guys spent every night drinking beer and chasing women. You are a 4.0 student, not a party boy." Beth's difficulty in believing John's fraternity membership stems from her ____________ about fraternity members.
A) prototype
B) ingroup bias
C) assessment
D) stereotype

Accepted Answer

Beth's difficulty stems from her stereotype about fraternity members, which involves having a fixed, oversimplified, and often inaccurate conception of a group of people.

Question 6

When asked about stereotypes related to groups to which we belong, we tend to remember ___________ stereotypes.
A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) rare

Accepted Answer

We tend to remember positive stereotypes related to groups to which we belong due to a cognitive bias known as in-group favoritism, where individuals favor and remember more positively the characteristics of their own group.

Question 7

When asked about stereotypes related to college professors, Dr. Long chose the following descriptions: smart, bookish, helpful, and busy. Because this is a group to which she belongs, she tends to list ___________ stereotypes.
A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) rare

Accepted Answer

Dr. Long lists positive stereotypes about college professors, likely because she identifies with this group and thus has a favorable view of it.

Question 8

One reason individuals engage in stereotyping is because it is a(n) __________ part of the thinking process.
A) overgeneralized
B) negative
C) natural
D) rare

Accepted Answer

Stereotyping is considered a natural part of the thinking process because it helps individuals quickly categorize and process information about others, although it can lead to inaccurate and unfair assumptions.

Question 9

Because we have a tendency to quickly categorize and classify things, stereotypes serve as
A) schemas.
B) mental shortcuts.
C) specific impressions.
D) time intensive evaluations.

Accepted Answer

Stereotypes are mental shortcuts that we use to quickly categorize and classify things. They help us to make sense of the world around us by providing us with a simplified and often inaccurate view of reality.

Question 10

Individuals from __________ cultures value relationships over time efficiency.
A) polychronic
B) individualistic
C) high power distance
D) masculine

Accepted Answer

Polychronic cultures prioritize relationships over strict adherence to schedules or time efficiency, often valuing multitasking and a more fluid approach to time management.

Question 11

The _______________ occurs when a person begins to act in a manner consistent with the expectations placed upon him by others.
A) behavioristic expectation
B) individualistic expectation
C) power distance
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Accepted Answer

The self-fulfilling prophecy is a phenomenon where a person starts to behave in a way that aligns with the expectations others have for them, often leading to the outcome that was initially predicted or expected.

Question 12

Because Joseph was perceived by other students as the class clown, he began disrupting class more and more to get laughs from his peers. The other students' expectations for his behavior created a(n)
A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) individualistic expectation.
C) power distance.
D) behavioristic expectation.

Accepted Answer

The concept of a self-fulfilling prophecy explains how people's expectations about someone can lead to that person behaving in ways that confirm those expectations. In this case, because the other students expected Joseph to be the class clown, he acted in ways that reinforced this perception, thus fulfilling the prophecy.

Question 13

Although Samantha studied hard, she had trouble earning grades higher than a C. Her father, frustrated by her lackluster performance, remarked she would never succeed at this rate. Samantha soon gave up trying, and her grades slipped from Cs to Ds and Fs. Her behavior is an example of
A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) individualistic expectation.
C) power distance.
D) behavioristic expectation.

Accepted Answer

Samantha's experience is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy, where an initially false expectation leads to its own confirmation. In this case, her father's negative prediction about her academic success led Samantha to stop trying, which in turn resulted in her grades declining, thus fulfilling the prophecy.

Question 14

Stereotypes persist because we tend to pay more attention to information consistent with our views rather than contrary to our views. This is also known as a
A) self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) confirmation bias.
C) schematic direction.
D) behavioristic expectation.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, which contributes to the persistence of stereotypes.

Question 15

One example of the confirmation bias is the type of information remembered about ingroup and outgroup members. Which of the following statements best describes this relationship?
A) We are less likely to remember positive acts conducted by members of our ingroup and more likely to remember positive acts performed by those in the outgroup.
B) We are equally likely to remember positive and negative acts regardless of ingroup-outgroup status.
C) We are more likely to remember negative acts conducted by members of our ingroup and positive acts performed by those in the outgroup.
D) We are more likely to remember positive acts conducted by members of our ingroup and more likely to remember negative acts performed by those in the outgroup.

Accepted Answer

Confirmation bias leads us to remember information that supports our existing beliefs and attitudes. Thus, we're more likely to remember positive things about our ingroup and negative things about outgroups, reinforcing our pre-existing views.

Question 16

Sometimes, we assume members of the outgroup are more alike than members of the ingroup. This is called
A) need for structure.
B) categorizing.
C) outgroup homogeneity effect.
D) outgroup heterogeneity effect.

Accepted Answer

The outgroup homogeneity effect refers to the perception that members of an outgroup are more similar to each other than members of one's own group (the ingroup), often leading to stereotyping and generalizations about the outgroup.

Question 17

One personal variable related to a person's tendency to stereotype is his or her need for predictability and order in life. This is also known as
A) order preference.
B) obsessive compulsive disorder.
C) expectation.
D) need for structure.

Accepted Answer

The need for predictability and order in life, which influences a person's tendency to stereotype, is known as the need for structure. This psychological concept suggests that individuals with a high need for structure are more likely to rely on stereotypes as a way to simplify and predict the social world.

Question 18

According to Neuberg and Newsom (1993), people scoring higher on the Personal Need for Structure scale are
A) less likely to stereotype.
B) find it more difficult to stereotype.
C) more likely to stereotype.
D) equally likely to stereotype as are individuals who score lower on the same scale.

Accepted Answer

People scoring higher on the Personal Need for Structure scale are more likely to stereotype because they have a higher need for predictability and simplicity in their environments, leading them to rely more on stereotyping as a cognitive shortcut.

Question 19

When individuals in powerful positions were compared to individuals in less powerful positions in likelihood of stereotyping, Fiske (1993) found
A) neither group relied on stereotypes.
B) individuals in positions of power were more likely to stereotype people in less powerful positions than were the less powerful likely to stereotype powerful individuals.
C) compared to less powerful individuals, those in positions of power were less likely to stereotype.
D) both groups were equally likely to stereotype the other group.

Accepted Answer

Fiske (1993) found that individuals in positions of power were more likely to stereotype those in less powerful positions, highlighting the impact of power dynamics on social perceptions and stereotyping.

Question 20

Goodwin and Fiske (1993) suggests one reason individuals in powerful positions may differentially stereotype less powerful counterparts is
A) they have more to lose and are therefore more likely to engage in stereotyping.
B) they have more demands on their time and are therefore more likely to use stereotyping to maintain cognitive efficiency.
C) stereotyping lower-level managers and secretaries takes more time and increases the likelihood that supervisors will get to know their employees.
D) they all work in the same office climate.

Accepted Answer

Goodwin and Fiske (1993) suggest that individuals in powerful positions may rely more on stereotyping because they face more demands on their time, making stereotyping a tool for maintaining cognitive efficiency.

Quiz 7: Prejudice: Foundations, Causes, Effects, and Remedies

The key to avoiding inflexible ethnocentrism lies in our ___________ our own ethnocentrism.

In contrast to an American woman showing her hair, the custom for Muslim women is to wear a ________ or scarf to cover their hair.

Which of the following is the best specific way to develop flexible ethnocentrism?

A generalization about a group of people that assumes the members of the group share common characteristics is a(n)

Beth was surprised to hear the John was in a fraternity. "I thought fraternity guys spent every night drinking beer and chasing women. You are a 4.0 student, not a party boy." Beth's difficulty in believing John's fraternity membership stems from her ____________ about fraternity members.

When asked about stereotypes related to groups to which we belong, we tend to remember ___________ stereotypes.

When asked about stereotypes related to college professors, Dr. Long chose the following descriptions: smart, bookish, helpful, and busy. Because this is a group to which she belongs, she tends to list ___________ stereotypes.

One reason individuals engage in stereotyping is because it is a(n) __________ part of the thinking process.

Because we have a tendency to quickly categorize and classify things, stereotypes serve as

Individuals from __________ cultures value relationships over time efficiency.

The _______________ occurs when a person begins to act in a manner consistent with the expectations placed upon him by others.

Because Joseph was perceived by other students as the class clown, he began disrupting class more and more to get laughs from his peers. The other students' expectations for his behavior created a(n)

Although Samantha studied hard, she had trouble earning grades higher than a C. Her father, frustrated by her lackluster performance, remarked she would never succeed at this rate. Samantha soon gave up trying, and her grades slipped from Cs to Ds and Fs. Her behavior is an example of

Stereotypes persist because we tend to pay more attention to information consistent with our views rather than contrary to our views. This is also known as a

One example of the confirmation bias is the type of information remembered about ingroup and outgroup members. Which of the following statements best describes this relationship?

Sometimes, we assume members of the outgroup are more alike than members of the ingroup. This is called

One personal variable related to a person's tendency to stereotype is his or her need for predictability and order in life. This is also known as

According to Neuberg and Newsom (1993) , people scoring higher on the Personal Need for Structure scale are

When individuals in powerful positions were compared to individuals in less powerful positions in likelihood of stereotyping, Fiske (1993) found

Goodwin and Fiske (1993) suggests one reason individuals in powerful positions may differentially stereotype less powerful counterparts is