Question 1

Jayendra has just graduated from college.He has a strong sense of his goals and values,and is ready to enter adulthood with confidence and maturity.Based on this information,it appears that Jayendra has successfully worked through his ____.

Accepted Answer

Jayendra's strong sense of goals and values and readiness to enter adulthood with confidence and maturity suggest that he has successfully worked through his identity crisis. This is the stage of Erikson's psychosocial development where individuals grapple with questions of who they are, what they believe in, and what they want to do with their lives. The other options are not relevant to Jayendra's situation - midlife transition is a stage later in life, formal operational period relates to cognitive development in adolescence, and conditions of worth are a concept from humanistic psychology that does not apply here.

Question 2

Which event does not occur during menopause?

Accepted Answer

Progesterone levels do not rise during menopause, they also decrease along with estrogen levels.

Question 3

Heinz's wife is very ill and will die without treatment.Unfortunately,the only drug that can help her is very rare and much too expensive for Heinz to afford.If Heinz is presented with an opportunity to steal the drug,his postconventional moral reasoning would lead him to conclude that he ____.

Accepted Answer

Heinz's postconventional moral reasoning would lead him to prioritize the value of human life over property rights. He would weigh the consequences of his actions and decide that stealing the drug is necessary to save his wife's life. This is consistent with Kohlberg's Stage Six of moral development, which places a high value on universal ethical principles and individual conscience.

Question 4

Otis feels free since his recent divorce.He quit his bank job and has gone back to school to pursue a career in music performance.Otis is probably having a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

Otis's decision to quit his job and pursue a career in music performance suggests that he is going through a midlife transition, which is a period of reassessment and reevaluation of one's goals and values that often occurs in middle adulthood. The fact that he recently got divorced may have triggered this transition.

Question 5

Kira is at the preconventional level of moral reasoning.What reason might she give for not stealing candy from Mr.Looper's corner store?

Accepted Answer

At the preconventional level of moral reasoning, individuals make decisions based on the consequences to themselves, such as avoiding punishment, rather than based on societal rules or personal ethics.

Question 6

Which factor is leastassociated with increased risk of youth violence?

Accepted Answer

While increased sexual activity can have negative consequences, it is not strongly associated with increased risk of youth violence. Poverty, exposure to violent media (including video games), and maternal depression are all factors that have been shown to increase risk of youth violence.

Question 7

As Tess has become an adult,she has come to understand that the contradictions in life are an inevitable part of reality.She sees that knowledge is relative,not absolute as she once thought.It appears that Tess's thinking has become ____.

Accepted Answer

Tess's understanding of the contradictions in life and the relative nature of knowledge suggests that her thinking has become dialectical, meaning that she is able to view opposing ideas or perspectives as interconnected and constantly in flux. This is opposed to categorical thinking, which would involve rigid and absolute categorization of knowledge or ideas. Assimilated thinking would suggest a conformity to societal norms or expectations, and generative thinking would imply creative thinking and problem solving, but neither of these options fully capture Tess's newfound understanding of the complexities of reality.

Question 8

The focus of psychosocial development in adolescence,according to Erik Erikson,is ____ formation.

Accepted Answer

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes that adolescence is marked by the stage of identity versus role confusion. During this stage, individuals are focused on developing a sense of identity and figuring out who they are as a person. This involves exploring different options and committing to certain aspects of identity, such as values, beliefs, and career goals. Thus, the correct answer is B) identity formation.

Question 9

Kohlberg's moral developmental stages have been considered universal.However,recent research on moral development and ____ has created some debate over the universality of Kohlberg's stages.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that gender and cultural differences can impact moral development, which challenges the universality of Kohlberg's stages. Different cultures have different values and beliefs, which can affect the way an individual makes moral decisions. Additionally, studies have found that males and females tend to emphasize different aspects of morality, suggesting that gender plays a role in moral development.

Question 10

Leasha is trying to decide whether to use an illegal online song-sharing service.She thinks,"If I download songs from the Internet,the police could track me down and put me in jail.Because I really don't want to go to jail,I'm not going to use the service." According to Kohlberg,at which level of moral reasoning is Leasha?

Accepted Answer

Leasha is making her decision based on fear of punishment, which is characteristic of the preconventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 11

Rachel has missed several classes because of family issues.On the day of the midterm,Rachel asks you,her classmate,if she can copy your answers so that she does not fail the exam.According to Kohlberg,how would you respond if you were using postconventional moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Postconventional moral reasoning is focused on upholding individual rights and justice. Allowing Rachel to cheat would be unfair to the other students in the class who have studied and prepared for the exam. Therefore, the best response would be to refuse Rachel's request and explain why it is not ethical.

Question 12

Which statement has been identified as a limitation of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for its Western-centric bias, as it assumes a universal progression of moral reasoning that may not align with the moral values and judgments of non-Western cultures.

Question 13

Matilda is seventy years old and in good health,with no signs of dementia or Alzheimer's disease.Matilda is most likely to experience some difficulties remembering ____.

Accepted Answer

As people age, it's common for them to experience difficulties with short-term memory, such as remembering recent meals. Long-term memory, like names, phone numbers, or recipes learned long ago, tends to be more resilient.

Question 14

Which physical change is least likely to occur during adulthood?

Accepted Answer

Increased nearsightedness is more commonly associated with growth periods in childhood and adolescence rather than changes occurring in adulthood.

Question 15

During a workshop,the presenter asks everyone to reflect on their own identity.Kelly starts by reflecting on how she is Indian American,practices Hinduism,and that her parents were part of the Brahmin caste when they lived in India.Kelly is thinking about her ____.

Accepted Answer

Kelly's reflection on her ethnic and cultural background indicates that she is reflecting on her ethnic identity. Generativity is a concept related to the idea of contributing to society and the next generation, while ego integrity refers to a sense of wholeness and satisfaction with one's life. Attachment behavior relates to the way individuals form attachments and connections with others, and is not relevant to the scenario described.

Question 16

Tina's car is towed after being parked on a snow route.She complains that the tow violates her principles of universal justice and fairness.Her friend Dave argues that although the street was completely plowed,Tina technically violated the law and deserves a ticket.According to Kohlberg,Dave's moral reasoning is most likely at the ____ level.

Accepted Answer

Dave's argument that Tina violated the law suggests that his moral reasoning is at the conventional level, which is focused on societal norms and rules rather than abstract principles. He believes that following the law is important for maintaining social order, which is a characteristic of the conventional level.

Question 17

Glen has reached Kohlberg's fifth stage of moral reasoning.According to the textbook,if he is given the opportunity to cheat on a test,what will he do?

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's fifth stage of moral reasoning, individuals have developed a sense of social contract and understand that rules are important for maintaining the greater good. However, they also recognize that these rules can be changed if they are not serving that greater good. Thus, if Glen is given the opportunity to cheat on a test, he may cheat depending on the circumstances. It is not guaranteed that he will cheat, as it will depend on his personal ethical judgment in that specific situation.

Question 18

Which is true concerning Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory was focused on the reasoning behind moral decisions rather than the actual decisions themselves.

Answer: B)
 Kohlberg originally believed that moral development ended in adolescence, but later revised his theory to include post-conventional stages that could continue into adulthood.

Answer: C)
 While Kohlberg's theory was based on research conducted in the United States and Western Europe, he believed that the stages of moral development were universal and not culturally determined.

Answer: D)
 Kohlberg believed that only a small percentage of the adult population would reach the highest stage of moral development.

Question 19

Jamel must decide what he should do with $1,000 that he found in the street.He decides to give it to a homeless shelter because his neighbors will think he is a great guy.According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development,Jamal is most likely at the ____ level of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals at the conventional level conform to social norms and expectations of others. Jamel's decision to donate the money to a homeless shelter is likely driven by his desire to gain approval from his neighbors, which aligns with the conventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 20

Because Lawrence Kohlberg used an all-male sample in his research,Carol Gilligan rejected his findings that the "moral ideal" is based only on some abstract concept of justice.Gilligan's research findings suggest that the female view of morality is based on ____.

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's research findings suggest that the female view of morality is based on caring and relationships. She argued that girls and women prioritize the importance of connections with other people and empathy for others in their moral decisions, rather than just abstract concepts of justice.

Quiz 11: Human Development