Question 1

An "If, then" statement is called a Conditional.

Accepted Answer

An "If, then" statement is indeed called a conditional statement in logic and mathematics, specifying a logical relationship where if the first condition is true, then the second condition follows.

Question 2

In the statement "if A, then B," A is a necessary condition for

Accepted Answer

In the statement "if A, then B," A is a sufficient condition for B, not a necessary condition. This means if A happens, B will definitely happen, but B might happen without A occurring.

Question 3

In the statement "if A, then B," B is a sufficient condition for

Accepted Answer

In the statement "if A, then B," B is the necessary condition, and A is the sufficient condition for B to occur.

Question 4

Modus Ponens is always valid.

Accepted Answer

Modus Ponens is a form of argument in logic that is universally accepted as valid. It states that if "If P, then Q" is true, and P is true, then Q must also be true.

Question 5

Modus Tollens is always invalid.

Accepted Answer

Modus Tollens is a valid form of argument in logic, where if the implication (if P then Q) is true and the consequent (Q) is false, then the antecedent (P) must also be false.

Question 6

A disjunction is an "either/or" statement.

Accepted Answer

A disjunction is a logical operation that results in true if at least one of its operands is true, typically expressed as an "either/or" statement in natural language.

Question 7

A Venn Diagram tests validity in propositional logic.

Accepted Answer

A Venn Diagram is used in set theory and logic to visually represent the relationships between different sets or groups, not to test validity in propositional logic, which involves the use of truth tables or formal proofs.

Question 8

"All A are B" is a Universal Affirmative statement.

Accepted Answer

A Universal Affirmative statement asserts that all members of one category (A) are included within another category (B), which is exactly what "All A are B" does.

Question 9

"Some A are not B" is a Universal Negative statement.

Accepted Answer

"Some A are not B" is a Particular Negative statement because it specifies that at least one of the members of group A does not belong to group B, but does not make a claim about all members of A.

Question 10

Faulty memory can mar testimony.

Accepted Answer

Faulty memory can lead to inaccuracies in testimony, as individuals may recall events incorrectly or forget important details, affecting the reliability of their statements.

Question 11

The Post-Hoc Fallacy is an example of genuine causality.

Accepted Answer

The Post-Hoc Fallacy assumes that because one event follows another, the first event must have caused the second, which is a logical error and does not establish genuine causality.

Question 12

Scientific reasoning relies upon Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Scientific reasoning often employs Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning, where hypotheses are formulated and then tested through experiments or observations to deduce conclusions about the natural world.

Question 13

Statistics are always trustworthy.

Accepted Answer

Statistics can be manipulated or misrepresented to support a particular argument or bias, making it important to critically evaluate the source, methodology, and context of statistical data.

Question 14

By careful wording of questions, conductors of surveys guarantee truthful results.

Accepted Answer

The careful wording of questions can reduce bias and improve the clarity of surveys, but it cannot guarantee truthful results, as responses can still be influenced by factors such as social desirability bias or misunderstanding.

Question 15

A truth table must be completed in order to determine validity.

Accepted Answer

A truth table is one method to determine the validity of logical statements, but other methods such as natural deduction or semantic tableaux can also be used to assess validity without constructing a truth table.

Question 16

Indicate whether the following examples are necessary or sufficient conditions.
-Striking the match against the matchbox causes the match to light.

Accepted Answer