Question 1

The product of the tidal volume and the respiratory rate is .
A)Minute ventilation
B)Minute volume
C)Minute capacity
D)A and B

Accepted Answer

The terms minute ventilation and minute volume are interchangeable when referring to the product of the tidal volume and the respiratory rate. This is the volume of gas inhaled or exhaled from the lungs in one minute.

Question 2

During extubation of ruminants, the tube cuff should remain inflated or only partially deflated for what reason?
A)Ruminants are more prone to chewing while awakening from anesthesia.
B)Ruminants are more prone to aspiration.
C)Ruminants wake up more slowly from anesthesia.
D)Ruminants wake up more quickly from anesthesia.

Accepted Answer

During extubation of ruminants, the tube cuff should remain inflated or only partially deflated because ruminants are more prone to aspiration. Strong swallowing should be seen before attempts to remove the tube are made.

Question 3

Hyperventilation causes a due to carbon dioxide in the blood.
A)Respiratory acidosis; decreased
B)Respiratory acidosis; increased
C)Respiratory alkalosis; increased
D)Respiratory alkalosis; decreased

Accepted Answer

Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by hyperventilation due to the decreased carbon dioxide in the blood. The increased respiration causes a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs and in the blood. Carbon dioxide is responsible for the stimulation of respiration.

Question 4

Hypoventilation causes a due to carbon dioxide in the blood.
A)Respiratory acidosis; decreased
B)Respiratory acidosis; increased
C)Respiratory alkalosis; increased
D)Respiratory alkalosis; decreased

Accepted Answer

Respiratory acidosis can be caused by hypoventilation due to the increased carbon dioxide in the blood. The decreased respiration causes an increase in carbon dioxide. While carbon dioxide does stimulate respiration, at toxic levels it can suppress spontaneous ventilation as well.

Question 5

What is the indicator for the appropriate time to remove an endotracheal tube from a small animal patient?
A)When pedal reflex returns
B)When the patient is fully awake and struggling
C)Immediately after disconnection of inhalant agents
D)When the swallowing reflex returns

Accepted Answer

The indicator for the appropriate time to remove an endotracheal tube from a small animal patient is when the swallowing reflex returns. At this time the patient may also exhibit voluntary movement of the head, tongue, or limbs. The tube's cuff should be deflated and the tube removed in a slow, steady manner.

Question 6

Which of the following is a complication associated from IPPV (Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation)?
A)Patient becoming too deep
B)Respiratory Alkalosis
C)Barotrauma
D)Impaired cardiovascular function
E)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Common complications associated with IPPV include a patient that becomes too deep, respiratory alkalosis from hyperventilation, barotrauma due to excessive pressure in the thorax, and impaired cardiovascular function due to increased thoracic pressure that impedes venous return to the heart. Astute monitoring of rate and volume of IPPV can diminish the risks of most of these complications.

Question 7

What are the normal pH values for arterial blood gases?
A)7)35 to 7.45
B)6)0 to 7.0
C)7)50 to 8.50
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

Normal pH values for arterial blood gases are 7.35 to 7.45. Acidosis is present with values below 7.35 and alkalosis is present with values above 7.45.

Question 8

Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) reflects what status on an arterial blood gas during anesthesia? A)Respiratory B)Metabolic C)Thermal D)Cardiac

Accepted Answer

The metabolic status (acidotic or alkalotic) is reflected by the bicarbonate levels in an arterial blood gas. It is influenced by ventilation and will rise and fall with the arterial carbon dioxide.

Question 9

On an arterial blood gas, a respiratory acidosis is determined by a Paco₂ of . A)35 mm Hg or less B)35 mm Hg or more C)45 mm Hg or less D)45 mm Hg or more

Accepted Answer

A respiratory acidosis is present when the Paco2 45 mm Hg or more. An increase of rate and/or volume will decrease the Paco2.

Question 10

Venous return during IPPV is during inspiration.
A)Increased
B)Remains the same
C)Decreased
D)None of the above

Accepted Answer

IPPV affects the venous preload to the heart by decreasing the available amount of blood returning due to thoracic pressure. Ensuring that the IPPV volume and rate are not overly excessive should decrease the negative effects on the venous return.

Question 11

Inspiratory pressure during IPPV should not exceed in most healthy patients. A)15cm H₂O B)40cm H₂O C)60cm H₂O D)20cm H₂O

Accepted Answer

In healthy patients with no lung trauma, inspiratory pressure should not exceed 20cm H₂O during normal IPPV. Patients with lung trauma should receive 12 - 15cm H₂O, while older patients with decreased lung compliance may need up to 30cm H₂O.

Question 12

Technician Sally has a patient with decreased lung capacity and a high Paco₂. She is already performing IPPV up to 30cm H₂O at 8 bpm. How can Sally correct the respiratory acidosis without increasing tidal volume? A)Hypoventilate B)Decrease tidal volume C)Hyperventilate D)Ask the surgeon to hurry up

Accepted Answer

When respiratory acidosis cannot be corrected by increasing the tidal volume of the patient, then performing hyperventilation during IPPV will decrease the amount of Paco₂ in the blood.

Question 13

Technician Sally's anesthetized patient has a respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis on arterial blood gas analysis. Which acidosis should be treated first?
A)Respiratory acidosis
B)Metabolic acidosis
C)They can be treated together.
D)Nothing can be done until the patient is recovered.

Accepted Answer

The respiratory acidosis should always be treated first as the metabolic acidosis may be a direct result of lack of proper ventilation. The treatment of the metabolic acidosis medically will produce more arterial CO₂.

Question 14

What do brick red mucous membranes during anesthesia indicate? A)Exceptional blood volume B)Exceptional oxygen saturation C)Excessive CO₂ in the blood D)Normal pigment of the mucous membranes

Accepted Answer

Excessive CO₂ in the blood supply due to hypoventilation and vasodilation can be visualized by brick red mucous membranes. Increased IPPV should be initiated to decrease the carbon dioxide present.

Question 15

Mean arterial blood pressure should be maintained above in heavily muscled or pregnant animals.
A)60 mm Hg
B)80 mm Hg
C)50 mm Hg
D)100 mm Hg

Accepted Answer

A mean arterial blood pressure of 80 mm Hg is required for efficient renal perfusion during anesthesia. Heavily muscled or pregnant patients are more at risk for anesthetic and post-operative complications due to hypovolemia due to their increased mass and cardiovascular requirements.

Question 16

Which is a pre- and post-anesthetic concern when anesthetizing brachycephalic patients?
A)Elongated soft palate
B)Laryngeal function
C)Respiratory distress
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Due to brachycephalic patients' abnormal anatomy of elongated soft palates, stenotic nares, and potential laryngeal dysfunction, they have an increased risk of respiratory distress during premedication of sedatives and recovering from anesthesia once the ET tube has been removed. Veterinary staff should be diligent and prolong extubation as long as possible until the patient has control over their airway.

Question 17

Technician Sally has a greyhound for a surgical patient today. Which condition should she be aware of when anesthetizing this patient?
A)Von Willebrand's disease
B)Malignant hyperthermia
C)Sight hound myelopathy
D)Speed Racer malabsorption

Accepted Answer

Some greyhounds inherit the rare genetic disorder, malignant hyperthermia (MH). MH is a rare disorder of skeletal muscle that reacts to inhalant anesthetic causing excessive body temperature, increased carbon dioxide, heart arrhythmias, and multiple internal organ failure.

Question 18

Which vital sign(s) should be noted during a pre-anesthetic exam?
A)Body Temperature
B)Heart Rate
C)Respiratory Rate
D)Pain Score
E)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and pain score are all vital signs that should be taken and noted prior to anesthesia and a surgical procedure. These provide a base line with which to compare vitals taken during anesthesia.

Question 19

Technician Sally's surgical patient is suddenly experiencing a period of acute bradycardia. Which differential(s) does Sally need to work through to determine the cause of this condition?
A)Hypertension
B)Hypothermia
C)Vagally stimulated reflexes
D)Hypoxemia
E)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Differentials that may cause bradycardia in a patient under anesthesia include hypertension, hypothermia, vagally stimulated reflexes and hypoxemia. During anesthesia, inhalants should be turned down or off, anticholinergic should be administered, and hypothermia and hypoxemia should be immediately addressed.

Question 20

Technician Sally has a surgical patient presenting with dyspnea. Which differential(s) should she rule out prior to anesthetizing this patient?
A)Laryngeal paralysis
B)Airway obstruction
C)Pneumothorax
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

When presented with a surgical patient with dyspnea, one should always rule out and address possible laryngeal paralysis, airway obstruction, and pneumothorax, as well as respiratory disease and pneumonia. Intubation should be facilitated rapidly with the assistance of a laryngoscope and possibly a stylet.

Quiz 1: Anesthesia

The product of the tidal volume and the respiratory rate is .

During extubation of ruminants, the tube cuff should remain inflated or only partially deflated for what reason?

Hyperventilation causes a due to carbon dioxide in the blood.

Hypoventilation causes a due to carbon dioxide in the blood.

What is the indicator for the appropriate time to remove an endotracheal tube from a small animal patient?

Which of the following is a complication associated from IPPV (Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation) ?

What are the normal pH values for arterial blood gases?

Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) reflects what status on an arterial blood gas during anesthesia?

On an arterial blood gas, a respiratory acidosis is determined by a Paco₂ of .

Venous return during IPPV is during inspiration.

Inspiratory pressure during IPPV should not exceed in most healthy patients.

Technician Sally has a patient with decreased lung capacity and a high Paco₂. She is already performing IPPV up to 30cm H₂O at 8 bpm. How can Sally correct the respiratory acidosis without increasing tidal volume?

Technician Sally's anesthetized patient has a respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis on arterial blood gas analysis. Which acidosis should be treated first?

What do brick red mucous membranes during anesthesia indicate?

Mean arterial blood pressure should be maintained above in heavily muscled or pregnant animals.

Which is a pre- and post-anesthetic concern when anesthetizing brachycephalic patients?

Technician Sally has a greyhound for a surgical patient today. Which condition should she be aware of when anesthetizing this patient?

Which vital sign(s) should be noted during a pre-anesthetic exam?

Technician Sally's surgical patient is suddenly experiencing a period of acute bradycardia. Which differential(s) does Sally need to work through to determine the cause of this condition?

Technician Sally has a surgical patient presenting with dyspnea. Which differential(s) should she rule out prior to anesthetizing this patient?