Question 1

​What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome?
A)thiamine
B)protein​
C)sodium​
D)calcium​

Accepted Answer

Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by a deficiency in thiamine (Vitamin B1). Thiamine is an essential nutrient for proper brain function, and a deficiency can lead to neurological problems, including memory loss and confusion. Korsakoff's syndrome is commonly seen in individuals who abuse alcohol, as alcohol can interfere with thiamine absorption and utilization in the body.

Question 2

​A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris water maze because it ____.
A)loses its motivation to find the platform
B)cannot remember how to swim​
C)has difficulty remembering where the platform is from trial to trial​
D)develops a water phobia​

Accepted Answer

The Morris water maze is a task used to test spatial memory in rodents. Rats with hippocampal damage struggle with this task because they have difficulty remembering the location of the hidden platform from trial to trial. This is due to the role of the hippocampus in spatial memory and navigation. The other options, losing motivation, forgetting how to swim, and developing a water phobia, are not related to the specific challenge of the Morris water maze task.

Question 3

In some cases of Alzheimer's disease that run in families,the cause of the disease appears to involve which gene(s)?
A)a gene on the X chromosome
B)a gene on the Y chromosome​
C)a series of genes on chromosome 4​
D)genes on several different chromosomes​

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's disease can be linked to mutations in genes on several different chromosomes, including chromosome 1, 14, 19, and 21, which are associated with familial forms of the disease.

Question 4

​If people with Down syndrome live long enough,they almost invariably develop ____.
A)Korsakoff's syndrome
B)​Parkinson's disease
C)​Huntington's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease

Accepted Answer

People with Down syndrome have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease as they age. It is estimated that up to 75% of people with Down syndrome over the age of 65 develop Alzheimer's disease.

Question 5

​As with Korsakoff's patients,Alzheimer's patients have impairments in ____ memory,but are relatively unimpaired in ____ memory.
A)short-term; long-term
B)​implicit; explicit
C)​procedural; declarative
D)declarative; procedural

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer's patients have impairments in declarative memory, which includes memory for facts and events, but are relatively unimpaired in procedural memory, which is memory for skills and habits. This is similar to Korsakoff's patients, who also have impairments in declarative memory but can still learn and perform procedural tasks.

Question 6

​A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials.As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus,rats with damage are more likely to ____.
A)enter an alley at random
B)​fail to eat the food they find
C)​enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly
D)enter an alley that is never correct

Accepted Answer

The answer of ​A rat is placed in a radial...

Question 7

​Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome.
A)prefrontal cortex
B)basal ganglia​
C)occipital cortex​
D)precentral gyrus​

Accepted Answer

Korsakoff's syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by severe memory loss and cognitive deficits, often associated with chronic alcoholism. Damage to the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in memory, attention, and decision-making, can cause similar symptoms to Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 8

​What memory impairments are found in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome?
A)only anterograde amnesia
B)​only retrograde amnesia
C)​anterograde and retrograde amnesia
D)neither anterograde nor retrograde amnesia

Accepted Answer

Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome typically exhibit both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after the onset of the condition, while retrograde amnesia refers to the loss of memories that were formed before the onset of the condition.

Question 9

​Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to people with damage to the ____.
A)amygdala
B)prefrontal cortex​
C)hippocampus​
D)hypothalamus​

Accepted Answer

The answer of ​Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to...

Question 10

​A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the ____.
A)radial maze
B)Morris water maze​
C)configurable learning task​
D)delayed matching-to-sample task​

Accepted Answer

The Morris water maze is a well-known task that involves rats swimming through murky water to find a hidden platform just below the surface. The other options (radial maze, configurable learning task, delayed matching-to-sample task) do not involve swimming or water-based challenges.

Question 11

​When prompted with cues,Korsakoff's victims can often produce words from lists they saw but claim to have never seen.This exemplifies what kind of memory?
A)reference
B)​procedural
C)​implicit
D)explicit

Accepted Answer

The ability to produce words from a list that a person does not remember seeing is an example of implicit memory, where information is unconsciously stored and retrieved without conscious awareness. This is commonly observed in individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome, a form of amnesia caused by brain damage resulting from long-term alcoholism. Implicit memory is different from explicit memory, which involves the conscious and deliberate recollection of facts and events.

Question 12

​Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain,especially in the ____.
A)cingulate gyrus
B)occipital lobe​
C)dorsomedial thalamus​
D)cerebellum​

Accepted Answer

The dorsomedial thalamus is the most consistently damaged region in Korsakoff's syndrome due to its high susceptibility to thiamine deficiency. This damage results in the severe memory impairment characteristic of the disorder. While the other brain regions listed may also be affected, they are not as consistently associated with Korsakoff's syndrome as the dorsomedial thalamus.

Question 13

​The hippocampus is especially important for which kind of memory?
A)procedural
B)episodic​
C)short-term​
D)implicit​

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is especially important for episodic memory, which involves remembering personal experiences and events in a specific time and place.

Question 14

​What memory task would a typical patient with Korsakoff's syndrome be able to do without difficulty?
A)recalling the temporal order of events
B)remembering someone he or she met in the past week​
C)an implicit memory task​
D)an explicit memory task​

Accepted Answer

Korsakoff's syndrome primarily affects explicit memory, which is conscious recollection of past events and facts. Implicit memory, which is non-conscious retrieval of learned abilities, should be relatively unaffected in this population. Therefore, an implicit memory task would be most likely to be completed without difficulty.

Question 15

​Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by ____.
A)reading and rereading them
B)testing themselves on each sentence before going on to the next​
C)creating an elaborate story integrating the content of the sentences​
D)relating each sentence to a past personal experience​

Accepted Answer

The answer of ​Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of...

Question 16

​A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is ____.
A)tremors
B)​dementia
C)​memory loss
D)confabulation

Accepted Answer

Confabulation is a distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome, where individuals create false memories without the intention to deceive.

Question 17

​What is confabulation?
A)confusing a made-up answer as a memory of an actual experience
B)​having the two sides of the body working antagonistically
C)​confusing procedural memory for declarative memory
D)remembering names, but being unable to put them with a face

Accepted Answer

Confabulation is the process of producing a false or made-up answer while believing it to be a genuine memory. This can occur due to brain damage or psychological factors. Confabulation often involves filling in gaps of memory with plausible details that may not be accurate.

Question 18

​There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.
A)short term
B)​implicit
C)​spatial
D)auditory

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is known to play a crucial role in the formation and retrieval of spatial memory. It helps us navigate through our environment and remember locations of objects and landmarks. Other types of memories, such as short term and auditory memory, are not primarily associated with the hippocampus. Implicit memory is also not exclusively associated with the hippocampus.

Question 19

​Researchers have found that different species of birds differ in terms of how much they depend on food they have stored to get through the winter.What factor is related to depending on and finding stored food?
A)overall brain size
B)relative size of the cortex​
C)relative size of the amygdala​
D)relative size of the hippocampus​

Accepted Answer

The relative size of the hippocampus is related to spatial memory, which is important for finding and remembering where stored food is located. Therefore, species that rely more heavily on stored food are likely to have a larger relative hippocampus size.

Question 20

​Korsakoff's patients and Alzheimer's patients have better memory for ____.
A)recent events than events of the remote past
B)what is happening at a given moment than general principles​
C)skills than facts​
D)verbal information than visual information​

Accepted Answer

Both Korsakoff's and Alzheimer's patients often retain procedural memory, which involves skills and tasks, better than declarative memory, which involves facts and events.

Quiz 12: The Biology of Learning and Memory

What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome?

A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris water maze because it ____.

In some cases of Alzheimer's disease that run in families,the cause of the disease appears to involve which gene(s) ?

If people with Down syndrome live long enough,they almost invariably develop ____.

As with Korsakoff's patients,Alzheimer's patients have impairments in memory,but are relatively unimpaired in memory.

A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials.As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus,rats with damage are more likely to ____.

Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome.

What memory impairments are found in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome?

Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to people with damage to the ____.

A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the ____.

When prompted with cues,Korsakoff's victims can often produce words from lists they saw but claim to have never seen.This exemplifies what kind of memory?

Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain,especially in the ____.

The hippocampus is especially important for which kind of memory?

What memory task would a typical patient with Korsakoff's syndrome be able to do without difficulty?

Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by ____.

A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is ____.

What is confabulation?

There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.

Researchers have found that different species of birds differ in terms of how much they depend on food they have stored to get through the winter.What factor is related to depending on and finding stored food?

Korsakoff's patients and Alzheimer's patients have better memory for ____.

Quiz 12: The Biology of Learning and Memory

​What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome?

​A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris water maze because it ____.

In some cases of Alzheimer's disease that run in families,the cause of the disease appears to involve which gene(s) ?

​If people with Down syndrome live long enough,they almost invariably develop ____.

​As with Korsakoff's patients,Alzheimer's patients have impairments in ____ memory,but are relatively unimpaired in ____ memory.

​A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials.As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus,rats with damage are more likely to ____.

​Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome.

​What memory impairments are found in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome?

​Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to people with damage to the ____.

​A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the ____.

​When prompted with cues,Korsakoff's victims can often produce words from lists they saw but claim to have never seen.This exemplifies what kind of memory?

​Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain,especially in the ____.

​The hippocampus is especially important for which kind of memory?

​What memory task would a typical patient with Korsakoff's syndrome be able to do without difficulty?

​Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by ____.

​A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is ____.

​What is confabulation?

​There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.

​Researchers have found that different species of birds differ in terms of how much they depend on food they have stored to get through the winter.What factor is related to depending on and finding stored food?

​Korsakoff's patients and Alzheimer's patients have better memory for ____.