Question 1

Rowe and Khan's model of successful aging has three components

Accepted Answer

Rowe and Khan's model of successful aging consists of three components: absence of chronic disease, maintenance of cognitive and physical functioning, and active engagement with life. This model emphasizes that successful aging involves more than just avoiding disease, and that maintaining physical and cognitive abilities and staying active and engaged are all important components of aging well. Choice A is incorrect because it only includes sport involvement as a component of successful aging, whereas Rowe and Khan's model includes multiple factors. Choice B is incorrect because it omits cognitive functioning, which Rowe and Khan's model includes. Choice C is incorrect because it includes high energy levels, which are not explicitly part of Rowe and Khan's model.

Question 2

What are the three most common physical activities for adults over sixty-five?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 3

Master athletes have shown the iceberg profile, which involves

Accepted Answer

Master athletes have been found to have lower scores on tension, depression, fatigue, and confusion, as well as higher scores on vigour, compared to normative samples. This pattern is known as the iceberg profile, which is a characteristic of high-level athletes. Therefore, option A is the best choice.

Question 4

Older adults who will not become involved in physical activity because of a low perception of their current health and fitness levels are an example of what type of determinant of physical activity?

Accepted Answer

This scenario is an example of psychological, cognitive, and emotional factors. The older adults' low perception of their health and fitness levels, which affects their willingness to engage in physical activity, falls under psychological barriers to physical activity.

Question 5

Disidentification can be a useful tool for ________.

Accepted Answer

Disidentification helps individuals maintain self-esteem by psychologically distancing themselves from areas where they might face negative stereotypes or potential failure.

Question 6

Researchers examining older adults have confirmed the importance of ________ in predicting program initiation, attendance, and adherence.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy, or an individual's belief in their ability to successfully complete a behavior or task, has consistently been found to predict program initiation, attendance, and adherence in older adults. This is likely because those with higher self-efficacy are more likely to feel confident in their ability to overcome barriers and challenges that may arise during the program. Perceived health, fitness, ability, and self-esteem may also play a role, but self-efficacy has shown the strongest relationship in research.

Question 7

By the year 2050, the number of Canadian adults over the age of one hundred is expected be ________.

Accepted Answer

By the year 2050, advancements in healthcare and an increase in life expectancy are expected to significantly increase the number of centenarians, making the number of Canadian adults over the age of one hundred 10 times higher than current figures.

Question 8

There may be a dynamic, reciprocal relationship between physical activity and ________ beliefs, in that positive ________ beliefs promote physical activity and physical activity promotes ________ beliefs.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There may be a dynamic, reciprocal relationship...

Question 9

Which is the most common barrier to exercise in seniors?

Accepted Answer

Health problems/pain are the most common barriers to exercise in seniors, as many seniors may have chronic conditions or age-related ailments that make physical activity more difficult or painful.

Question 10

A health care practitioner who characterizes female older adults as fragile or delicate and encourages them not to engage in physical activity because it is risky is an example of which type of determinant of physical activity?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of social and cultural factors because the health care practitioner's characterization of female older adults and the subsequent advice are influenced by societal and cultural perceptions of aging and gender, which can affect individuals' decisions and opportunities to engage in physical activity.

Question 11

"Reconceptualizing your self-image to remove the value associated with a domain, thereby reducing the impact of negative performance" is known as ________.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of disidentification, which involves reducing the importance of a domain to one's self-concept in order to protect against negative outcomes. Implicit and explicit priming both involve influencing behavior through exposure to stimuli, self-handicapping involves setting up excuses for poor performance, and stereotype threat involves anxiety due to the threat of confirming a negative stereotype.

Question 12

The likelihood that participation rates will decline as age increases is an example of which type of determinant of physical activity?

Accepted Answer

The likelihood that participation rates will decline as age increases is related to demographic and biological factors such as age-related declines in physical functioning, health conditions, and social and economic factors that affect opportunities for physical activity. Social and cultural factors (A) include beliefs, attitudes, and societal norms that influence physical activity behaviour. Physical and environmental factors (B) pertain to environmental conditions that hinder or support physical activity, such as access to recreational facilities, safe and walkable neighbourhoods, and transportation. Behavioural attributes (D) pertain to psychological factors that may impact physical activity such as self-efficacy, motivation, and goal setting. Emotional factors (E) pertain to affective states, stress, and mood that can influence physical activity behaviour.

Question 13

Canada's Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living for Older Adults recommends up to ________ minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on most days, including a variety of endurance, flexibility, strength and balance activities.

Accepted Answer

The Canada's Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living for Older Adults recommends up to sixty minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity on most days, including a variety of endurance, flexibility, strength, and balance activities. This level of activity can help maintain physical fitness, prevent chronic diseases, and improve overall well-being.

Question 14

In general, ________ and ________ skills appear to be more resistant to age-related decline than physiological factors such as aerobic capacity.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive and motor skills are more reliant on neural pathways and thus, remain more resilient to age-related decline than physical factors like aerobic capacity, which can experience deterioration.

Question 15

Generally, the best predictor of physical activity involvement in people of all ages is

Accepted Answer

Enjoyment is the best predictor of physical activity involvement as people are more likely to stick with activities if they find them enjoyable. Winning trophies or medals, meeting new people, having a good coach, or setting records may also be motivating factors, but they are not as consistently linked to sustained physical activity participation as enjoyment.

Question 16

Which of the following is a conclusion based on the studies by Meisner and Baker examining aging attitudes and involvement in preventive health behaviours?

Accepted Answer

Studies by Meisner and Baker have shown that older adults who hold positive expectations about their aging process are more likely to engage in behaviors that promote their health, such as being physically active and attending regular physician visits. This suggests that attitudes towards aging can significantly influence health-related behaviors.

Question 17

Which of the following is a benefit of exercise in older adults?

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed are benefits of exercise in older adults. Exercise can increase cardiovascular function, muscle mass and strength, improve flexibility, and improve psychological health in older adults. Regular exercise can also help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and arthritis, leading to a higher quality of life in older adults.

Question 18

In the past 160 years, our average life expectancy has increased at a rate of about ________ per year.

Accepted Answer

According to the World Health Organization, global life expectancy has increased by approximately 5 years since 2000. This means the average increase per year is about 3 months. Therefore, the best choice is C) 3 months.

Question 19

Older women are, in general

Accepted Answer

According to research, older women are less physically active than young women and less physically active than older men. Therefore, both options A and D are correct.

Question 20

The notion that older hockey players who continue their training as they age will be able to maintain their skills is associated with what theory?

Accepted Answer

The Selective Maintenance Theory suggests that as an individual ages, they must selectively maintain certain skills through continued use and training, in order to counteract the effects of aging. This theory supports the idea that older hockey players who continue to train and maintain their skills will be able to maintain their performance levels.

Quiz 12: Aging and Involvement in Sport and Physical Activity