Question 1

In Freudian theory the component of the personality that emerges when the child internalizes values, roles, and morals is called the:

Accepted Answer

The superego is the component of the personality in Freudian theory that represents internalized ideals, values, and morals, functioning as a critical moralizing role. It develops during childhood as the child internalizes the values, norms, and morals of society, particularly through the influence of parents.

Question 2

Freud believed that the most important life instinct was which of the following instincts?

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that the most important life instinct was the sex instinct, which he referred to as libido. This instinct was considered central to his theories on psychosexual development and the driving force behind much of human behavior.

Question 3

From birth to 1 year of age, the infant is in which of the following stages, according to Freudian theory?

Accepted Answer

According to Freudian theory, from birth to 1 year of age, an infant is in the oral stage of psychosexual development, where the mouth is the primary focus of pleasurable sensations.

Question 4

Freud theorized that methods used to toilet-train children might have a lasting effect on their personality. Children who had rigid, severe toilet training would most likely show which of the following behaviors later in life?

Accepted Answer

Freud's theory of psychosexual development suggests that the anal stage, which involves toilet training, can influence personality traits. If toilet training is too rigid or severe, Freud believed it could lead to an anal-retentive personality, characterized by meticulousness, stinginess, and a tendency to be hypercritical.

Question 5

In Freudian psychodynamic theory, which of the following best describes the Oedipus complex?

Accepted Answer

The Oedipus complex, according to Freudian psychodynamic theory, involves a boy experiencing an unconscious sexual desire for his mother and hostility toward his father, whom he views as a rival.

Question 6

Freud theorized that during the phallic stage, a child's energy is focused on which of the following areas of the body?

Accepted Answer

Freud's psychosexual development theory posits that during the phallic stage, which occurs roughly between the ages of 3 and 6 years, a child's libido (sexual energy) is focused on the genitals. This stage is also associated with the Oedipus and Electra complexes.

Question 7

According to Freudian psychodynamic theory, the attachment of a girl to her father produces anxiety, which must be resolved and controlled. Which name is used for this attachment?

Accepted Answer

The Electra complex is a term used in Freudian psychodynamic theories to describe a girl's sense of competition with her mother for the possession of her father. This concept is considered as a counterpart to the Oedipus complex in males.

Question 8

Which of the following activities are most closely identified with the latency stage suggested by Freud?

Accepted Answer

During the latency stage, according to Freud, children's sexual impulses are repressed, allowing them to focus on social interactions, particularly with same-sex peers, and to strengthen their identification with the same-sex parent. This stage is characterized by the development of social skills, friendships, and interests.

Question 9

Using your knowledge of the Freudian stages of psychosexual development when caring for a child between the ages of 1 and 3 years, it would be most important for you to ask the caregivers about:

Accepted Answer

During the ages of 1 to 3 years, children are in the anal stage of Freudian psychosexual development, which focuses on bowel and bladder elimination. Asking about words and rituals used for elimination is relevant to understanding behaviors associated with this stage.

Question 10

Erikson's psychosocial theory of development differed from Freud's ideas of development in that Erikson viewed:

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory emphasizes the role of the ego in development and views humans as rational beings whose behavior is primarily controlled by the ego, in contrast to Freud's focus on the id, superego, and internal conflicts.

Question 11

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, a child between ages 6 and 11 is going through which of the following stages?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's psychosocial theory posits that a child between the ages of 6 and 11 is in the stage of industry versus inferiority. This stage focuses on the development of a sense of competence and skills in various areas, contrasting with feelings of inferiority if they struggle to develop these skills.

Question 12

In order to help an infant accomplish the basic task of infancy (according to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development), caregivers must consistently do which of the following things?

Accepted Answer

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust, where the basic task for an infant is to develop trust. This is achieved when caregivers consistently meet the infant's needs for comfort, security, predictability, food, and warmth.

Question 13

The nurse is assessing a toddler's psychosocial developmental level using Erikson's eight stages. Which of the following behaviors would the nurse most likely find if the child were demonstrating being in shame and doubt instead of having mastered autonomy?

Accepted Answer

In Erikson's stages, toddlers are in the "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" stage. If they experience shame and doubt, they may become overly dependent and seek constant approval from others, as described in choice A.

Question 14

When an infant is hospitalized, the nurse recognizes the importance of this infant mastering the first of Erikson's eight life stages. He or she would most help the infant by instructing the caregivers:

Accepted Answer

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust, which emphasizes the importance of caregivers' consistent and reliable care. Spending as much time as possible with the infant helps establish trust, a crucial developmental task at this stage.

Question 15

Sullivan believed that personality development is mainly the result of:

Accepted Answer

Sullivan's theory emphasizes that personality development is significantly influenced by interpersonal relationships, particularly those formed in childhood, including the mother-child relationship. He believed that these early social interactions play a crucial role in shaping an individual's personality.

Question 16

According to Sullivan's stages of interpersonal development, the primary task of the first stage is:

Accepted Answer

The first stage of Sullivan's stages of interpersonal development focuses on the infant learning to rely on the primary caregiver for the gratification of physiological needs and achieving satisfaction, highlighting the importance of caregiver-infant interactions.

Question 17

Sullivan believed that a person's self-image emerged according to how the infant:

Accepted Answer

Sullivan's theory emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships and suggests that a person's self-image develops based on the interpretation of the primary caregiver relationship. This perspective highlights the significance of early interactions and the meanings attributed to them by the infant.

Question 18

Sullivan theorized that the "good me" and the "bad me" fuse around which age?

Accepted Answer

Sullivan theorized that the "good me" and the "bad me" concepts begin to fuse around 18 months of age, as part of the development of self-awareness and the integration of complex emotions and self-perceptions.

Question 19

During Sullivan's early childhood stage, excessive parental disapproval may cause children to see themselves and the world as:

Accepted Answer

Excessive parental disapproval during early childhood can lead children to perceive themselves and the world as negative or hostile, as they internalize the criticism and develop a pessimistic view.

Question 20

The stage at which children have a chum, according to Sullivan's stages of interpersonal development, is which of the following stages?

Accepted Answer

According to Sullivan's stages of interpersonal development, the stage of preadolescence is characterized by the formation of close friendships, or having a "chum." This stage typically occurs around the ages of 9-12, and it's when children start to form deeper, more meaningful relationships outside of their family.

Quiz 6: Theoretical Approaches to the Growth and Development of Children