Question 1

In applying ethical values and principles consistently, absolutism helps
A) Rationalize a decision.
B) promote moral intuition.
C) prevent granting exceptions that creates advantages for yourself or friends.
D) create laws that fairly govern society.

Accepted Answer

Absolutism holds that moral principles should always be applied without exception or variation. This means that if a moral principle is true, then it is universally true and should be applied in all situations. This prevents individuals from granting exceptions to themselves or their friends, ensuring that moral principles are applied consistently and fairly.

Question 2

Reasoning with the categorical imperative about making a false promise points out
A) how false promises create advantages in negotiation.
B) that if everyone made false promises we could not trust anything that others say.
C) that false promises improve the quality of our decision making.
D) making false promises does not become easier over time.

Accepted Answer

According to the categorical imperative, one should only act in accordance with a maxim that they would will to become a universal law of nature. This means that if everyone made false promises, trust and communication would break down, rendering promises meaningless. Therefore, making a false promise goes against the principle of universalizability and is therefore unethical.

Question 3

Kant's second expression of the categorical imperative expresses is based on which of the following ideas?
A) Each person has human dignity based on her capacity to reason about choices.
B) Each person has human dignity based on her capacity to care.
C) No person should every be physically harmed.
D) Each person deserves restorative justice.

Accepted Answer

Kant's second expression of the categorical imperative is "Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in another, always as an end and never merely as a means to an end." This idea is based on the concept of human dignity, which Kant believed was inherent in all rational beings. Therefore, the correct answer is A) Each person has human dignity based on her capacity to reason about choices.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a form of relativism?
A) Individualist
B) Situationist
C) Conventional
D) Professional

Accepted Answer

Individualist, Situationist, and Conventional are all forms of relativism, as they all suggest that moral truths depend on subjective factors such as the individual, the situation, or cultural norms. Professionalism, however, is a professional standard that is not subjective or dependent on personal factors, so it is not a form of relativism.

Question 5

A person's personal ethical commitments are most important in which form of relativism?
A) Individualist
B) Situationist
C) Conventional
D) Both a & b
E) Both b & c

Accepted Answer

Personal ethical commitments are emphasized in individualist relativism, where the focus is on the moral autonomy of the individual and their ability to make their own moral decisions independent of societal or cultural norms.

Question 6

Situationist relativism focuses on
A) ethical values and principles.
B) tradition.
C) facts of a situation.
D) personal ethical commitments.

Accepted Answer

Situationist relativism emphasizes the importance of the facts and contextual features of a situation in shaping ethical decision-making, rather than relying on fixed ethical values, principles, or personal commitments.

Question 7

Conventional relativism focuses on the ethical values and principles of
A) Groups.
B) Communities.
C) Cultures.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Conventional relativism is a perspective in ethics that recognizes the variability of moral beliefs and practices across different groups, communities, and cultures. It suggests that what is considered morally right or wrong can vary significantly from one social context to another, hence the correct answer includes all the mentioned entities.

Question 8

Ubuntu is an ethical value
A) shared by both western and African cultures.
B) that is highly individualistic.
C) emphasizes human interconnection.
D) that has little relevance for the practice of justice.

Accepted Answer

Ubuntu is a traditional African philosophy that emphasizes the interconnectedness of humanity and the importance of community. It is not a primarily individualistic value and has significant relevance for the practice of justice. However, it may not be as widely shared or emphasized in Western cultures as it is in African cultures.

Question 9

When you suspend judgments about people who are different from you, you practice _____.
A) tolerance
B) restorative justice
C) casuistry
D) moral intuition

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the practice of recognizing and respecting the differences and opinions of others without judgment. By suspending judgments about people who are different from you, you are practicing tolerance. Restorative justice, casuistry, and moral intuition may not necessarily involve the suspension of judgments or the recognition and respect for differences.

Question 10

Living with people whose ideas or behaviors make you uncomfortable characterizes the practice of
A) casuistry
B) procedural justice
C) tolerance
D) acknowledgment

Accepted Answer

The practice of living with people whose ideas or behaviors make you uncomfortable requires tolerance - the ability to accept and respect differences without necessarily agreeing with them. Casuistry refers to the use of ethical principles to resolve moral problems, procedural justice refers to the fairness of decision-making processes, and acknowledgment refers to recognition or acceptance of something. While these concepts may be related to tolerance, they do not fully capture the idea of living with discomfort caused by differences in beliefs or behaviors.

Question 11

Managing the tendency to quickly judge others is a benefit of the practice of _____.
A) casuistry
B) tolerance
C) acknowledgment
D) restorative justice

Accepted Answer

Tolerance is the practice of accepting and respecting differences among people, including their beliefs, practices, and lifestyles. It involves managing the tendency to quickly judge others based on their differences and instead developing an open and accepting attitude towards them.

Question 12

When you repeatedly see an unethical practice, especially one that harms persons, and do nothing because to act would be judgmental, you are experiencing
A) moral intuition.
B) tests of publicity.
C) the ethical dilemma of tolerance.
D) a new stage of moral development.

Accepted Answer

This situation refers to the ethical dilemma of tolerance, where one is caught between their moral values and the need to avoid being judgmental or intolerant of others. This can be a challenging situation as it can lead to both moral distress and potential harm to others. It is important to find ways to address the unethical practice while still respecting the dignity and autonomy of those involved.

Question 13

Which of the following communication acts is fundamental to practicing tolerance?
A) Listening
B) Speaking
C) Persuasion
D) Argumentation

Accepted Answer

Listening is fundamental to practicing tolerance because it involves paying attention to and respecting others' perspectives, even if they differ from our own. Through active listening, we can gain a deeper understanding of others' values and beliefs and avoid making assumptions or judgments based on our own biases.

Question 14

A communicator who focuses on listening to understand and repeatedly avoids communicating her thoughts, concerns, or ethical judgments,
A) has detached herself from the situation.
B) is practicing almost perpetual listening.
C) is practicing procedural justice.
D) is guided by moral intuition.

Accepted Answer

The communicator's focus on listening to understand and avoidance of communicating her own thoughts, concerns, or ethical judgments indicates that she is practicing almost perpetual listening.

Question 15

Toleration differs from tolerance in that toleration
A) is a political value.
B) is a response to European religious war between Catholics and Protestants.
C) does not require acceptance of another person's beliefs or values.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Accepted Answer

Toleration is indeed a political value that emerged in response to the religious wars in Europe between Catholics and Protestants. It differs from tolerance in that it does not require acceptance of another person's beliefs or values but rather a willingness to permit and accommodate those beliefs or values. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 16

A criticism of relativism is that it can tolerate
A) too much difference.
B) inconsistency.
C) atrocities.
D) judgments.

Accepted Answer

Relativism holds that all beliefs, values, and behaviors are equally valid and relative to the cultural or social context in which they occur. This can lead to a toleration of atrocities because relativism prohibits making moral judgments about other cultures or societies. For example, if one culture practices female genital mutilation, a relativist may tolerate this behavior because they believe it is part of that culture's traditions and therefore cannot be judged as wrong.

Question 17

The method that applies ethical values by balancing commitment to ethical values with responsiveness to persons and circumstances is call _____.
A) Casuistry
B) Situational relativism
C) Individualist relativism
D) Rationalization

Accepted Answer

The method described in the question is Casuistry, which involves balancing one's commitment to ethical principles with the specific circumstances and needs of the individuals involved. Situational relativism and individualist relativism prioritize individual autonomy and subjective judgments over ethical principles, whereas rationalization involves reasoning away ethical considerations for the sake of personal gain or convenience.

Question 18

Casuistry is a method for systematically discerning when to make ____ to an ethical value or principle.
A) judgments
B) rationalizations
C) exceptions
D) changes

Accepted Answer

Casuistry involves identifying and analyzing specific cases or scenarios to determine whether or not they constitute exceptions to a given ethical principle. Therefore, the goal of casuistry is to identify when exceptions should be made, rather than simply making judgments or rationalizations. Changes may be a result of casuistry, but are not the method itself.

Question 19

A story that clearly applies an ethical principle or value is called a(n) _____.
A) rule
B) paradigm case
C) illustration
D) moral intuition

Accepted Answer

A paradigm case is a story or example that clearly demonstrates or applies an ethical principle or value, serving as a model or pattern in ethical discussions.

Question 20

Reasoning with casuistry involves comparing the facts of a situation to
A) a paradigm case, to identify ethically significant similarities and differences.
B) exceptions, to identify when the ethical rule needs to change.
C) moral emotions, to identify the most relevant moral emotions.
D) personal experience, to identify what is most important to the decision maker.

Accepted Answer

Casuistry involves comparing the facts of a particular situation to a paradigm case, which helps to identify ethically significant similarities and differences. This allows the decision maker to identify the most appropriate ethical principles and rules to apply to the specific case. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. Option B is incorrect because casuistry does not involve identifying exceptions to ethical rules; instead, it focuses on identifying the most appropriate ethical principles to apply to a particular case. Option C is incorrect because while moral emotions are important in ethical decision-making, they are not the primary focus of casuistry. Option D is also incorrect because personal experience is not the primary consideration in casuistry; instead, the focus is on comparing the facts of a particular case to a paradigm case.

Quiz 5: Applying Ethical Values and Principles in Ethical Reasoning

In applying ethical values and principles consistently, absolutism helps

Reasoning with the categorical imperative about making a false promise points out

Kant's second expression of the categorical imperative expresses is based on which of the following ideas?

Which of the following is not a form of relativism?

A person's personal ethical commitments are most important in which form of relativism?

Situationist relativism focuses on

Conventional relativism focuses on the ethical values and principles of

Ubuntu is an ethical value

When you suspend judgments about people who are different from you, you practice _____.

Living with people whose ideas or behaviors make you uncomfortable characterizes the practice of

Managing the tendency to quickly judge others is a benefit of the practice of _____.

When you repeatedly see an unethical practice, especially one that harms persons, and do nothing because to act would be judgmental, you are experiencing

Which of the following communication acts is fundamental to practicing tolerance?

A communicator who focuses on listening to understand and repeatedly avoids communicating her thoughts, concerns, or ethical judgments,

Toleration differs from tolerance in that toleration

A criticism of relativism is that it can tolerate

The method that applies ethical values by balancing commitment to ethical values with responsiveness to persons and circumstances is call _____.

Casuistry is a method for systematically discerning when to make ____ to an ethical value or principle.

A story that clearly applies an ethical principle or value is called a(n) _____.

Reasoning with casuistry involves comparing the facts of a situation to