Question 1

What seems to be the most likely hormone that we could use as a male contraceptive pill? Explain.

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Question 2

List and discuss three to five different methods of contraception, including at least one barrier method and one hormonal treatment.

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Question 3

The youngest female documented to have given birth to a healthy child was a 5-year-old girl in the 1930s; the father was never identified.She began having regular menstrual periods around eight months of age.She was diagnosed as pregnant after being taken to a doctor for suspicion of having an abdominal tumor; her periods had ceased several months earlier and her breasts were well-developed.When do the reproductive organs normally develop? Describe the maturation her body underwent to render her fertile, specifying at what ages these changes normally take place.Even without a positive pregnancy test, what clues suggest pregnancy rather than a tumor? What is the earliest age at which gamete development normally begins and ends in both genders?

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Question 4

Hormone replacement therapy is often used to treat symptoms of menopause.Typically, estrogen and progesterone are used rather than GnRH, FSH, and LH.Can you explain why?

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Question 5

Create a diagram explaining the feedback of estrogen on the anterior pituitary during the ovarian cycle.

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Question 6

Hydatidiform mole is a type of pregnancy that, without medical intervention, frequently results in the death of the mother.The hydatidiform mole is thought to result most often from an abnormality in fertilization, such that the egg has two copies of paternal chromosomes, and no maternal DNA.A fetus fails to develop; instead there is rapidly growing chorionic tissue in the placenta, which secretes hCG and thus leads to a positive pregnancy test and outward signs of pregnancy.The first clue to the obstetrician that the pregnancy is abnormal is often the lack of a heartbeat in the first trimester.
A.What is the genotype of the hydatidiform mole tissue? From the genotype alone, would most science-literate students predict that a normal embryo would form? Explain, indicating what this suggests about maternal and paternal contributions to the embryo.
B.The most common cause of molar pregnancy-related maternal death is a type of cancer called choriocarcinoma, with the hydatidiform mole being the source and thus resembling a tumor.What characteristic of tumors leads to cancer?
C.While these pregnancies often spontaneously abort, some women may elect to terminate a hydatidiform molar pregnancy.Is this a special case of elective abortion or is it tumor-removal? Explain.

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Question 7

In some cultures, infant boys are circumcised.Explain what circumcision is and why there is support for as well as opposition to the procedure.

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Question 8

It has been reported that King Henry VIII of England divorced his wives because they were unable to produce a male heir to the throne.Some say the lack of a male heir is also used as justification for marrying additional wives in polygamous societies.From a genetics standpoint, what is wrong with these assumptions?

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Question 9

In males, which cells are the primary targets for FSH? What effect does the hormone have on these cells?

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Question 10

Explain how modern birth control pills work as contraceptives.

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Question 11

Jerry is in an automobile accident that severs his spinal cord at waist level.After his recovery, he wonders if he will still be able to have an erection, enjoy sex, and father a child.What would you tell him?

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Question 12

What are the characteristics that determine gender (consider genetic, anatomical, hormonal, and other factors)? Is it always the case that genetic, psychological, and physical gender cues indicate the same gender? Explain your answer, citing specific examples of conditions in which there is gender conflict.

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Question 13

In a condition known as endometriosis, endometrial cells are present in the uterine tubes and/or in the peritoneal cavity where they become established tissues.A major symptom of endometriosis is periodic pain.Why do you think this occurs?

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Question 14

Mrs.Becker is trying to become pregnant.One of the Beckers' favorite ways of relaxation is to soak in the hot tub while drinking wine.A year has gone by with no pregnancy occurring, so they visit your clinic.You conclude that the hot tub is a possible factor in Mr.Becker's infertility.Angered and insulted, both assure you that they have no difficulty having intercourse, unless Mr.Becker has had too much wine, which happens infrequently.How will you explain to them the difference between impotence and infertility? Why should you suspect the hot tub as a factor in Mr.Becker's lowered sperm count? Is the wine a factor as well?

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Question 15

Contraceptive pills containing estradiol or estradiol plus progesterone are given at programmed doses during the ovarian cycle to prevent follicle maturation and ovulation.Explain how these pills work.

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Question 16

Why is the scrotum, the sac that contains the testes, located outside of the body?

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Question 17

In males, which cells are the primary targets for LH? What effect does the hormone have on these cells?

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Question 18

Explain what might happen to a man taking sympathetic nervous system inhibitors to treat his hypertension, in terms of sexual function.

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Question 19

List the male and female analogs that develop from the following bipotential structures: genital tubercle, urethral folds and groove, labioscrotal swellings, gonad (cortex), gonad (medulla), Wolffian duct, Müllerian duct.

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Question 20

Explain why observations of basal body temperature are useful for couples who want to get pregnant, but are only of limited use for couples who are trying to avoid getting pregnant.

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Quiz 26: Reproduction and Development