Question 1

Explain alpha-gamma coactivation.

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Question 2

Diagram and label the knee jerk reflex.What is the physiological function of this reflex? Explain how this reflex may be important during walking, if you didn't notice a dip in the sidewalk and stepped into it.What is the role of reciprocal inhibition? How would the reflex be affected if reciprocal inhibition failed? Describe the effects on the reflex of severing each structure involved in the reflex, considering one structure at a time.Describe the effects of damaging the opposite side of the spinal cord, or areas higher or lower on the spinal cord.

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Question 3

Draw a monosynaptic reflex and a polysynaptic reflex.Label each part of the reflex pathway.Briefly explain how the two reflexes differ.

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Question 4

Upon testing the knee jerk reflex during a routine physical, a nurse notices that the reflex is hyperactive.What could be the explanation for this? If instead the reflex was hypoactive, what may the nurse conclude?

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Question 5

Compare and contrast the three categories of movement described in the text and give an example of each.

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Question 6

Draw two graphs that represent the alpha-gamma coactivation:
1.muscle length as a function of time
2.action potentials of spindle sensory neuron as a function of time

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Question 7

Make a map of the following terms: alpha motor neurons, CNS, contractile fibers, extrafusual muscle fibers, Golgi tendon organs, integrating center, joint receptors, muscle spindles, proprioreceptors, sensory neurons, sensory receptors and somatic motor neurons.

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Question 8

Explain how an animal with a paralyzing spinal injury can be induced to walk, though it can't walk on its own.Diagram and label the structures involved.(Hint: Keep it simple; for example, you could draw a rectangle and label it "right leg muscle" and another for the left, and don't worry about drawing all neurons involved, just enough to show you understand the basics.You may wish to start with a simple sketch of a muscle reflex then add on to it as necessary.)

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Question 9

List and describe the three categories of movement.Explain why these categories are NOT always distinct.

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Question 10

Two of your physiology classmates are trying to figure out if cross country skiing is a voluntary activity or a rhythmic activity.They come to you to determine who is correct.What do you tell them?

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Question 11

Make a map of the integration of muscle reflexes.Include the following terms: brain stem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, feedback, muscle contraction and movement, sensory receptors, signal, spinal cord, and thalamus.

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Question 12

Draw a diagram of the cerebral motor cortex and descending input to spinal motor neurons.Voluntary suppression of the knee jerk reflex originates in the motor cortex, which can send inhibitory signals to the motor neurons.If the left motor cortex is active, is the left or right knee jerk reflex suppressed or are both suppressed? Explain your answer.If the left side of the spinal cord at the level of leg muscle control is damaged, is it the left or right knee jerk reflex that is suppressed or are both suppressed?

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Question 13

While watching Olympic weight lifters on television, Carl notices that on several occasions an athlete would lift the weight to his chest and then suddenly drop it.Can you offer an explanation for what might be happening?

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Question 14

Bowel and bladder control involve spinal reflex pathways that are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord.In both instances, two sphincter muscles, an inner sphincter of smooth muscle and an outer sphincter of skeletal muscle, control the passage of waste out of the body.How would completely severing the spinal cord at the lumbar level affect an individual's bowel and bladder control?

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Question 15

A.Ernie, an experienced batter, steps up to the plate, looks off into the distance, and plans where to hit the baseball.He then swings the bat, connects with the ball, sends it into the air, and follows through the swing with his arms, hips, and knees, and shifts his weight from one leg to the other.He watches the ball fly away, and takes off for first base.Explain what areas of the central nervous system are working during each phase of the action outlined, and which step is controlled by each part.
B.Continue to integrate this with information from other topics as the action continues: Ernie hears the umpire yell "Infield fly! Batter's out!" He remembers the rules of the game, slows his pace, and leaves the baseline before arriving at first base.

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Question 16

You are a technician in a neuroanatomy lab, and it's your first day of training to learn a technique of labeling neurons.Your boss tells you that you will fill individual motor neurons, by injecting horseradish peroxidase (HRP)conjugated to tetanus toxin, into a skeletal muscle.How could this possibly label the neurons?

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Quiz 13: Integrative Physiology I: Control of Body Movement