Question 1

What concept have social psychologists used to explain the negative relationship between time spent on Facebook and happiness?

Accepted Answer

Social psychologists have used the concept of reference group to explain the negative relationship between time spent on Facebook and happiness. Reference group is a group with which individuals compare themselves and with whom they identify. On Facebook, people often compare themselves with others who appear to have more success or happiness, leading to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem.

Question 2

ocially constructed patterns of sensations, cultural meanings, and expressive gestures that pertain to a social object, most often another individual (e.g., love, friendship, and loyalty) are called affective clusters.

Accepted Answer

These are referred to as "feeling rules" or "emotion norms," which are societal norms that dictate the appropriate ways to express emotions in various social settings, not "affective clusters." Affective clusters pertain more to the grouping of emotions or feelings that are experienced together or that influence one another in significant ways.

Question 3

Primary emotions are shaped by situational and cultural factors and are different across cultures

Accepted Answer

Primary emotions such as happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, and anger are considered universal and are not significantly shaped by cultural factors; they are experienced by people across all cultures.

Question 4

In ritual interaction theories, emotions are structural.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In ritual interaction theories, emotions are structural....

Question 5

In a cybernetic model a single engine drives a complex machine.

Accepted Answer

In a cybernetic model, multiple feedback loops and control mechanisms interact to regulate the behavior of a complex system, rather than a single engine driving it.

Question 6

Identity control theorists argue that people experience negative feelings when an identity isn't verified. They will typically respond to this situation by changing their behavior or by changing their identity standard.

Accepted Answer

This is a core principle of identity control theory. When individuals experience a discrepancy between their perceived identity and their identity standard, they will attempt to reduce this inconsistency by either changing their behavior or their identity standard. This can lead to negative emotions such as anxiety or disappointment when an identity is not verified or validated by their social environment.

Question 7

Experimental research guided by status characteristics theory suggests that negative emotions have a negative effect on susceptibility to influence mainly among low-status group members.

Accepted Answer

Experimental research guided by status characteristics theory suggests that negative emotions have a negative effect on susceptibility to influence mainly among high-status group members, not low-status ones.

Question 8

Botox injections may affect people's emotions because they make them feel like they are doing something positive for themselves.

Accepted Answer

Botox injections may affect people's emotions because they can reduce the ability to express certain emotions through facial expressions, potentially influencing emotional experience due to the facial feedback hypothesis.

Question 9

Anger, fear, happiness, and sadness are considered to be tertiary emotions.

Accepted Answer

Anger, fear, happiness, and sadness are actually considered to be primary emotions, as they are experienced universally across cultures and are considered to be basic and fundamental. Tertiary emotions refer to more complex emotions that arise from the combination of primary and secondary emotions.

Question 10

According to affect control theory, deflections occur when there is a discrepancy between the fundamental impressions and transient sentiments tied to a particular situation.

Accepted Answer

According to affect control theory, deflections occur when there is a discrepancy between the fundamental impressions (long-term evaluations of the self, others, and the situation) and transient sentiments (momentary feelings) tied to a particular situation.

Question 11

The James-Lange theory links different emotions to:

Accepted Answer

The James-Lange theory proposes that specific emotions are linked to distinct physiological responses, so different emotions are associated with different types of physiological arousal.

Question 12

Within sociological social psychology, emotive experiences are presumed to have four components. These components are precipitating situations or events, physiological arousal, the cognitive label that identifies the experience a particular emotion, and:

Accepted Answer

The fourth component of emotive experiences is cultural norms, which shape the way individuals express and regulate their emotions. Social norms dictate which emotions are appropriate to express in certain situations and which are not. Additionally, cultural norms influence how emotions are labeled and interpreted, as different cultures may have specific words and meanings for certain emotions.

Question 13

Whereas people engage in emotion management across social settings, emotional labor occurs:

Accepted Answer

Emotional labor refers specifically to the management of emotions in a work setting, particularly in jobs that require the employee to manage or suppress their emotions as part of their job duties. While emotion management certainly occurs in other settings as well, emotional labor is a term that specifically pertains to the workplace.

Question 14

Even though she doesn't really care for her, Tasha really wants to like her new roommate. Thus, Tasha thinks about all of her roommate's good qualities in an attempt to make herself like this individual more. Tasha is engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Deep acting involves trying to change one's feelings about a situation by consciously thinking about it in a different way, which is what Tasha is doing by focusing on her roommate's good qualities.

Question 15

Julio goes to a party and acts like he's glad to be there, even though he would rather be just about anywhere else. Julio is engaging in:

Accepted Answer

Julio is engaging in surface acting, which means he is displaying emotions that do not reflect his true feelings. This is in contrast to deep acting, where a person tries to genuinely feel the emotions they are displaying. Projection, role play, and deceit are not relevant in this scenario.

Question 16

Whereas violations of display rules typically result in negative feedback from others, violations of feeling rules usually result in:

Accepted Answer

Violations of feeling rules often lead to internal feelings of guilt as individuals recognize they are not experiencing the socially expected emotions.

Question 17

David is getting married but wonders whether he really loves his soon-to-be spouse. The thought that he may not love this individual is enough to make David feel guilty. This scenario illustrates the violation of a __________________and its consequences.

Accepted Answer

This scenario illustrates the violation of a "feeling rule," which refers to societal norms regarding the appropriate type and intensity of emotions to feel in a given situation. In this case, David feels guilty because he believes he is not feeling the love he is supposed to feel towards his soon-to-be spouse, indicating a conflict with the societal expectation of love in marriage.

Question 18

If Jill laughs while attending the funeral of a family member, she is violating a:

Accepted Answer

Display rules are social norms about how one should express emotions in different situations. In the context of a funeral, it is expected to show sadness and respect. Laughing would violate this display rule. Emotional contract refers to the implicit understanding between two or more individuals about the emotions they will express in a given situation. Feeling rules are personal beliefs about what emotions one should feel and express in a given situation. Role expectation refers to society's expectation of how someone in a particular position should behave.

Question 19

Emotion norms include feeling rules and:

Accepted Answer

Emotion norms include not only feeling rules, but also display rules that dictate how emotions should be expressed in different social situations. These rules vary among different cultures and affect how individuals manage their emotions in public.

Question 20

Why wouldn't Schachter and Singer's (1962) experiment on the effects of situational cues on anger and euphoria pass a human subjects committee today?

Accepted Answer

Subjects in Schachter and Singer's experiment were injected with adrenaline without being fully informed about the potential risks and effects, which raises ethical concerns regarding informed consent and the welfare of participants.

Quiz 8: Emotions and Social Life