Question 1

Feminist criminologists take __________ as the central concept in explanations of social relationships, processes, and institutions that produce law, power, crime, and victimization.

Accepted Answer

Feminist criminologists view gender as the central concept in understanding the ways in which social relationships, processes, and institutions produce law, power, crime, and victimization. Gender is understood as a socially constructed category that intersects with other social factors such as race, class, sexuality, and age to shape experiences of crime and justice.

Question 2

Feminist scholars believe that traditional mainstream criminology is unable to explain these patterns of behavior because it ignores the structuring of society by gender that results in patriarchy and its theories are almost exclusively designed and applicable to explain male crime, which is known as the '___________ problem.'

Accepted Answer

The concept being described is the generalizability problem, where traditional criminology theories are only applicable to men and cannot explain patterns of behavior related to women's experiences in society.

Question 3

Feminist theorists try to explain why most violent crime is committed by men as well as why women are far less likely to be involved in criminal activity-a phenomenon known as the '__________ problem.'

Accepted Answer

The term "gender-ratio problem" refers to the fact that there is a significant gender disparity in violent crime rates, with men being much more likely to be involved in such activity than women. Feminist theorists have sought to explain this phenomenon and various factors contributing to it.

Question 4

According to __________ research, certain events or life experiences increase one's risk of offending.

Accepted Answer

Pathways research has identified specific experiences and factors that increase an individual's risk for offending, such as childhood maltreatment, academic failure, and association with delinquent peers. Gender-ratio research refers to the study of how the proportion of males to females in a given population affects crime rates, while generalizability refers to the extent to which research findings can be applied to other populations or settings. Blurred boundaries refer to the concept that the line between delinquent and non-delinquent behavior is not always clear.

Question 5

The concept of ____________ suggests that patterns of past victimization may result in future violent offending.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The concept of ____________ suggests that patterns...

Question 6

The feminist perspective in criminology did not become firmly established until the __________s.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The feminist perspective in criminology did not...

Question 7

__________ feminists argue that the subordinated position of women and the criminal tendencies of men result from the way boys and girls are socialized into different masculine and feminine identities and from male discrimination against feminine identities.

Accepted Answer

Liberal feminists focus on how socialization and cultural norms contribute to gender inequalities, including the ways boys and girls are raised to conform to traditional gender roles, which can perpetuate the subordination of women and certain behaviors in men.

Question 8

__________ feminists believe that the explanation for the gender ratio in crime is self-evident. Crime is men's behavior, not women's behavior; it is in men's biological nature to be aggressive and dominant.

Accepted Answer

This belief aligns with radical feminist ideology which argues that the root cause of gender differences in crime is due to patriarchy and the societal expectation that men should be dominant and aggressive, while women should be passive and submissive. Radical feminists view crime as a result of men's innate biological traits and social conditioning, which promote violence and aggression.

Question 9

According to radical feminists, the sexual division of labor is reinforced by male aggression, which is used to define and control the culture and institutions of society, including:

Accepted Answer

Radical feminists argue that male aggression serves to define and reinforce the sexual division of labor in all areas of society, including the state and its institutions of government, employment and work relationships, and social institutions. Therefore, the correct choice is D, all of the above.

Question 10

__________ feminism, sees society as patriarchal but argues that this patriarchy is rooted in the kind of economy a society has; in particular in its class relations of production.

Accepted Answer

Marxist feminism argues that patriarchy is rooted in the economic structure of society, particularly in the class relations of production, whereby the ruling class (usually men) have economic and political power over the working class (usually women). It sees gender as intertwined with class and capitalism, and seeks to challenge both systems in order to achieve equality for all individuals.

Question 11

__________ feminism examines the interrelated and interdependent forces of capitalism and patriarchy that lead to men's crime and women's oppression, subordination, and dependency.

Accepted Answer

Socialist feminism argues that capitalism and patriarchy are intertwined systems that together contribute to women's oppression and inequality, as well as influencing men's behavior, including criminal activities.

Question 12

The masculinization and emancipation thesis proposed that as a result of the 1960s women's movement, women were:

Accepted Answer

The masculinization and emancipation thesis proposed that as a result of the 1960s women's movement, women were adopting male roles and becoming socially and culturally more like men, becoming more competitive with men and working more, and encountering more economic opportunities and fighting as aggressively as men to establish themselves. Therefore, all of the options above are correct.

Question 13

____________ and colleagues state that class relations in the workplace and gender relations in society come together in the domestic context of the family, producing two basic types of families with different consequences for female crime.

Accepted Answer

The statement is taken from John Hagan's research on the intersection of class and gender in relation to female crime.

Question 14

John Hagan's ___________ theory states that girls are controlled relationally, by both male domination and by female role modeling and supervision and, therefore, are less likely to engage in crime than boys.

Accepted Answer

John Hagan's theory is known as Power-Control theory, which focuses on the role of gender and family dynamics in delinquency. The theory argues that boys are socialized to be more independent and are controlled through physical measures, while girls are socialized to be more dependent and are controlled through relational measures, such as monitoring and supervision. This results in girls being less likely to engage in crime than boys.

Question 15

____________ emphasizes the importance of alternative discourses and accounts and frequently takes the form of examining the effects of language and symbolic representations.

Accepted Answer

Postmodernism emphasizes the importance of alternative discourses and accounts and frequently takes the form of examining the effects of language and symbolic representations. Epistemology deals with the nature of knowledge and belief, positivism emphasizes the need for empirical observation and scientific method, and philosophy is a broad field that encompasses many different perspectives and approaches.

Question 16

Given the history of quantitative methods being used to justify and perpetuate existing prejudices, the idea that ___________ can be used in a multiculturally competent manner to promote social justice does not always come easily.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Given the history of quantitative methods being...

Question 17

___________ involves a focus on the body of concepts, theories, and problems central in understanding knowledge and justification.

Accepted Answer

The description accurately describes the field of epistemology, which focuses on understanding the nature and foundations of knowledge and justification. Postmodernism is more concerned with critiquing dominant structures and systems of knowledge, while positivism is a specific philosophical approach that emphasizes empirical evidence and scientific methodology. Philosophy is a broader term that encompasses a wide range of fields and areas of inquiry.

Question 18

Conflict theorists seek to explain why women engage in serious and violent crime.

Accepted Answer

Conflict theorists focus on social and economic inequalities as the root causes of crime and deviance, rather than specifically seeking to explain why women engage in serious and violent crime.

Question 19

Feminist criminology situates the study of crime and criminal justice within a complex understanding that the social world is systematically shaped by relations of sex and gender.

Accepted Answer

Feminist criminology recognizes that gender shapes the social world and therefore crime and criminal justice cannot be fully understood without considering the impact of gender on individuals and society as a whole.

Question 20

According to feminist criminologists, gender-specifically being female-is one of the strongest correlates of criminal offending.

Accepted Answer

Feminist criminologists argue that traditional criminology neglects the role of gender in crime and that women's criminality has been historically underrepresented or distorted. They contend that women's crimes are often related to their gender roles and that they are more likely to be involved in less serious crimes. Thus, they do not argue that being female is one of the strongest correlates of criminal offending.

Quiz 11: Patriarchy, Gender, and Crime