Question 1

Globally, the age of modernization led to widening inequality both between cities and rural areas and within cities themselves.

Accepted Answer

The age of modernization brought about a significant increase in inequality both between urban and rural areas and within cities themselves. This is due to factors such as the concentration of wealth and resources in urban areas, the displacement of rural populations, and the emergence of new forms of economic exploitation. The effects of modernization on inequality vary depending on the specific historical and cultural context, but overall it has been associated with significant social, economic, and environmental changes across the globe.

Question 2

Both Argentina and Brazil diverged from the general Latin American pattern by developing modern secondary cities beyond the capital that had significant economic and demographic weight of their own.

Accepted Answer

Both Argentina and Brazil have developed modern secondary cities that have significant economic and demographic weight, unlike other Latin American countries where the capital city dominates.

Question 3

The most common model for Latin American urban planning in this period was

Accepted Answer

The most common model for Latin American urban planning during the period in question was Paris. This was largely due to the influence of Baron Haussmann's renovations of Paris in the mid-19th century, which became a model for modernizing and beautifying cities through grand boulevards, parks, and public works. Latin American cities sought to emulate this model to symbolize progress and modernity.

Question 4

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The statement that the park's association with the discredited Mexican Empire of Maximilian led Porfirio Díaz to neglect it is false. In fact, it was Díaz who oversaw the expansion and improvement of the park, and used it as a symbol of his modernization efforts.

Question 5

Whereas cities of southeastern South America (Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) grew in large part by attracting millions of European immigrants, cities in Peru and Ecuador (Lima, Quito, Guayaquil) grew largely through internal migration from the countryside.

Accepted Answer

Cities in southeastern South America grew by attracting European immigrants, while cities in Peru and Ecuador grew through internal migration from the countryside.

Question 6

Argentina's public education system was designed to turn Argentines of all races, classes, and national origins into patriotic citizens and productive modern workers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Argentina's public education system was designed to...

Question 7

Which of the following statements is FALSE about the white-collar middle classes (empleados) of Peru?

Accepted Answer

This statement is false. The white-collar middle classes of Peru were not denied the right to vote on the basis of property ownership. In fact, they were granted suffrage in 1919, before the working classes and peasants.

Question 8

Manuel Jesús de Galván's novel Enriquillo depicted all of the following idealized contributions to Dominican culture EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

"Enriquillo" primarily focuses on the interactions between the Spanish colonizers and the indigenous people of Hispaniola, highlighting the Spanish's greed and cruelty as well as the nobility and courage of the indigenous people. It also touches on the Spanish's humanistic and religious traditions. However, it does not specifically address the resilience of Africans brought to the country as slaves, as the novel centers more on the period of initial contact and conflict between the Spanish and the indigenous Taino population.

Question 9

The villain or antagonist in Uruguayan author José Enrique Rodó's essay "Ariel" represented

Accepted Answer

In José Enrique Rodó's essay "Ariel," the antagonist represents American materialism and cultural shallowness, contrasting with the spiritual and intellectual ideals embodied by Ariel, which Rodó advocates for Latin America.

Question 10

"Debt peonage" was a method by which planters would sell lands to indigenous villages at exorbitant rates, forcing residents to work to pay off the debt or lose the land.

Accepted Answer

Debt peonage refers to a system where workers are bound to labor to pay off a debt. It does not specifically involve the selling of lands to indigenous villages at exorbitant rates but rather the use of debt to force individuals to work, often under conditions that prevent the debt from being fully repaid.

Question 11

Both sugar production in Morelos and henequen production in Yucatán demonstrate how technological advances facilitated the expansion of commercial agriculture and the dispossession of indigenous communities.

Accepted Answer

Both the sugar production in Morelos and henequen production in Yucatán relied heavily on technological advances, particularly in machinery and transportation, to increase production and facilitate commercialization. This resulted in the dispossession of indigenous communities who were often forced to work as laborers on these large-scale plantations or lose their traditional land and livelihoods.

Question 12

Guatemalan President Manuel Estrada Cabrera was ousted from office largely because

Accepted Answer

Manuel Estrada Cabrera was ousted because he alienated Guatemala's political elites by using the national police to control them, which led to his downfall.

Question 13

Ecuador's Liberal government after the Revolution of 1895 sought to expand public education and end debt peonage in the indigenous countryside, but came up short due to lack of resources and political will.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. The Liberal government led by President Eloy Alfaro did make efforts to improve public education and end debt peonage in indigenous communities, but faced challenges in implementing reforms due to limited resources and political resistance.

Question 14

In his campaign and his presidency, Francisco Madero prioritized achieving a transition to electoral democracy over implementing social reforms.

Accepted Answer

Francisco Madero's campaign revolved around achieving a transition to democratic governance in Mexico. While he did support some social and economic reforms, such as land reform and better working conditions for laborers, his primary goal was to establish a democratic government that represented the Mexican people. This was evident in his famous Plan de San Luis Potosi, which called for political resistance against the regime of Porfirio Diaz and demanded free and fair elections. Once in power, Madero faced numerous challenges in implementing his vision of democracy, including opposition from powerful elites, continued violence and instability, and his own lack of experience in governing. Despite these obstacles, Madero remained committed to achieving a democratic transformation of Mexican politics, even if it meant sacrificing some of his other goals.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the Mexican Constitution of 1917 is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The Mexican Constitution of 1917 did not allow the Catholic Church to resume operating schools. In fact, it continued the policy of secular education that had been implemented in Mexico since the mid-nineteenth century.

Quiz 8: The Great Depression and Authoritarian Populists, 1930-1950