Question 1

If Toni, who is only six years old, is asked what she would get if she added 5 and 10 together, which of the following processes would she most likely use?

Accepted Answer

Young children often use a counting-on strategy, starting with the larger number and counting up by the smaller number.

Question 2

You are a principal who is interviewing potential teachers for your school. Because your highest priority is student achievement, you should be most concerned that the teachers you hire

Accepted Answer

Teachers who focus on teaching students techniques for monitoring and managing their own learning prioritize student achievement. This approach fosters student independence and motivates them to take control of their learning, leading to better academic outcomes. De-emphasizing hands-on experience in the classroom, earning high grades in college, or discouraging peer tutoring may not necessarily correlate with improving student achievement.

Question 3

In schools where students typically succeed rather than fail, students and staff alike tend to recognize that ____ is the primary goal of the school.

Accepted Answer

In schools where students are successful, the primary goal is usually academic excellence, as evidenced by the high levels of achievement. While the other options may also be important, they are not necessarily the primary focus in these types of schools.

Question 4

When considering the theme paper his teacher just assigned, Theodore says to himself, "Before I start writing, I need to decide what I am going to write about and come up with a general organizational plan." Given this description, Theodore appears to be using a ____ strategy in planning his theme.

Accepted Answer

Theodore's statement suggests that he is using a knowledge-transforming strategy, where he plans to generate and organize new ideas based on his existing knowledge and understanding of the topic.

Question 5

When Titu's parents ask him how his day in kindergarten went, he gives them a seemingly random review of what he did that day. "We had story time and we had snacks twice and we played outside and we had lunch and we had breakfast and we rested and we played more." If Titu were expressing this by writing it down rather than saying it he would be using a ____ strategy.

Accepted Answer

Titu is simply reporting the events of his day without any elaboration or interpretation, which is the characteristic of knowledge-telling strategy.

Question 6

By the age of ____ years, most children have learned the addition tables so well that the sums of single digit numbers can be retrieved from memory rather than recalculated.

Accepted Answer

By the age of eight or nine years, most children have had sufficient exposure and practice with addition tables that they can retrieve sums of single digit numbers from memory without needing to recalculate.

Question 7

The use of stimulant medication to treat individuals with ADHD appears to work by allowing the children to

Accepted Answer

Stimulant medication, such as Ritalin or Adderall, increase the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps individuals with ADHD to better focus their attention, reduce distractibility, and improve their ability to sustain their attention. It does not increase impulsiveness or decrease inhibitory functions, and while it may have some effect on memory, that is not the primary mechanism of action.

Question 8

For every girl diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there are approximately ____ boys given the same diagnosis.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that for every girl diagnosed with ADHD, there are approximately four boys given the same diagnosis. This means that ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls.

Question 9

While quite a bit of research has been conducted examining the factors that make for a successful school, the qualities of a successful teacher have also been explored. Which of the following is one of those qualities?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that actively involving students in the learning process leads to better academic outcomes. This includes using interactive teaching methods and promoting student engagement and participation. The other options, such as emphasizing memorization or discouraging the use of tutors, do not necessarily correlate with teacher effectiveness or student success. The belief that students are responsible for their own success can be important, but it is not sufficient on its own as a defining quality of effective teaching.

Question 10

Knowledge-telling strategies are to ____ writing skills are knowledge-transforming strategies are to ____ writing skills.

Accepted Answer

Knowledge-telling strategies refer to a writing style where the writer simply shares the information they possess, without adding any interpretation or analysis. This can be seen as an early stage of writing skills development, where the focus is on relaying information accurately to the reader.

Knowledge-transforming strategies, on the other hand, involve a more advanced level of writing skills, where the writer not only shares information but also transforms it through analysis, interpretation, and synthesis. This is considered a later stage of writing skills development, where the focus is on creating new meaning from existing information. Therefore, the correct answer is B) early; later.

Question 11

By kindergarten, children have mastered ____ and use this as the basis for learning how to add.

Accepted Answer

Counting is a foundational skill that children master by kindergarten. They learn to count objects and recognize numerals, which they can then use as the basis for learning how to add. Sorting and ordinal relationships may be developed in kindergarten but are not necessarily mastered at this age, and numerology is not a relevant concept in early childhood education.

Question 12

Children with a specific learning disability in reading comprehension understood more of what they read following extensive instruction in

Accepted Answer

Extensive instruction in vocabulary has been shown to have a positive impact on reading comprehension for children with specific learning disabilities. The other choices, language sounds, memory strategies, and computing skills, while important in their own right, are not as directly related to reading comprehension.

Question 13

Young Pinky is having difficulty with her pronunciation of certain words. She often asks her parents for a glass of "wadah." They understand that she wants "water," and they to gently correct her. Even though they repeat the word, emphasizing the "t" sound in the middle of the word, Pinky doesn't seem to understand what she is saying incorrectly. In this example, Pinky is struggling most with ____.

Accepted Answer

Pinky is struggling with phonological awareness, which is the ability to hear and manipulate individual sounds in words. She is not able to discern the difference between the "d" and "t" sounds in the word "water," which is affecting her pronunciation. Lexical comprehension pertains to understanding the meaning of words, lingual control refers to the ability to form correct sentences and use grammar properly, and morphemic inversion involves rearranging word parts to create new word meanings, none of which are relevant to Pinky's difficulty.

Question 14

A very popular video aimed at teaching children how to read teaches the following song, using each letter in the alphabet; "The A says "ah," the A says "ah!" Every letter makes a sound, the A says "ah."" The song goes on to do each letter in the same way (e.g., "The B says "buh," etc.) This video is helping kids learn to read by promoting ____ awareness.

Accepted Answer

The video is helping children learn to read by promoting phonological awareness, which is the ability to identify and manipulate the sound structures (phonemes) in a language. The song in the video is teaching children the sounds that each letter makes (phonemic awareness) which is a crucial skill for learning to read.

Question 15

Many researchers have identified different components that are associated with more successful schools. They include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

All of the other choices (A, B, and C) have been identified as components associated with more successful schools by many researchers. Option D (a variety of extracurricular offerings) is not commonly mentioned as a critical component, although it may enhance students' experiences in school.

Question 16

The text cites numerous theories about the underlying issues in mathematical learning disabilities. Which of the following reflects a theory suggested by scientists?

Accepted Answer

This theory is suggested by scientists and is mentioned in the text. It states that a poorly developed number sense may lead to less precise estimates of quantities and difficulties in mathematical learning. Options A, B and C are mentioned in the text as theories, but their sources are not specified as scientists.

Question 17

In reading, the process of identifying the sounds made by a combined pattern of letters is called

Accepted Answer

Word recognition refers to the ability to identify words by their individual letters and the sounds they make when combined. It involves phonological awareness, but also takes into account spelling conventions and sight word memorization. Intonation refers to the rise and fall of pitch in speaking, and divergent thinking refers to the ability to generate multiple ideas from a single prompt - neither of which are directly related to the process of identifying sounds in written language.

Question 18

Why is it so inaccurate to presume that most children with ADHD will simply "grow out" of their difficulties?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that more than half of children with ADHD will continue to struggle with their difficulties into adolescence or young adulthood, making it inaccurate to presume that most will simply "grow out" of their symptoms. While medication and therapy can be effective in managing symptoms, ADHD is a chronic condition that requires ongoing management and support. Option A is incorrect because while ADHD can become more severe over time in some cases, this is not always the case. Option B is also incorrect because ADHD can be formally diagnosed in children under the age of 12, although diagnosis can be more complex in younger children. Option D is incorrect because while medication and therapy can be effective in managing ADHD symptoms, it is unlikely that symptoms will be completely eradicated in most cases.

Question 19

Which of the following factors is NOT listed as one that contributes to reading comprehension as children learn to read?

Accepted Answer

The factor listed in option C, "over time, children learn to stop 'thinking' about reading and just do it as an automatic process," is actually a contributing factor to reading fluency rather than reading comprehension. The other options are all factors that contribute to reading comprehension.

Question 20

When they come back to school in the fall, many school children are asked by their teacher to write an essay entitled, "What I Did Last Summer." What kind of writing strategy would be used to complete this assignment by younger children?

Accepted Answer

Younger children would most likely use a knowledge-telling strategy to complete this assignment, where they simply recount the events of their summer without much reflection or analysis. This is a common strategy for children in the early stages of writing and is focused on accurately conveying information.

Quiz 6: Off to School: Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood.