Question 1

By the time the average child reaches six years of age, he or she will have a vocabulary of approximately ____ words.

Accepted Answer

According to research, the average six-year-old child has a vocabulary of about 10,000 words. This is based on observations of language development and the number of words that children are typically able to understand and use at this age. While individual children may have slightly different vocabularies, 10,000 words is a reasonable estimate for the average.

Question 2

Which of the following do you think would be MOST likely to occur first?

Accepted Answer

Out of the given options, it is most likely for a child to understand some words first as this is a foundation for further language development. Understanding some words is a prerequisite for both underextension and overextension, and fast mapping occurs later in the language development process.

Question 3

To help children learn the difference between the roles of speaker and listener in a conversation, adults should encourage ____ soon after children begin to speak.

Accepted Answer

Turn-taking involves learning when to speak and when to listen in a conversation. Encouraging turn-taking soon after children begin to speak can help them understand the difference between the roles of speaker and listener in a conversation.

Question 4

When discussing the acquisition of grammar, which type of theorist would be MOST likely to say, "Context and genetics are overrated, what really matters is imitation and reinforcement?"

Accepted Answer

Behaviorists believe that language acquisition is closely tied to imitation and reinforcement, and that context and genetics are less significant factors. This is in contrast to social-interaction theorists, who emphasize the importance of social context and cognitive theorists, who stress the role of innate linguistic abilities. The linguistic approach, on the other hand, focuses on analyzing the formal structure of language itself.

Question 5

Macintosh is trying to get his grandson to learn the word "apple." His attempt involves looking at an apple on a tree, making sure that his grandson is also looking, and then saying "apple." Macintosh's effort to teach his grandson is clearly based on

Accepted Answer

Macintosh's effort to teach his grandson involves joint attention, where both Macintosh and his grandson are looking at the same object (the apple on the tree) and Macintosh is saying the word "apple." This is a form of joint attention, which helps in language learning by allowing the child to connect the word with the object. Infant-directed speech, the innate orienting response, and fast-mapping may also play a role in language learning, but are not demonstrated in this particular scenario.

Question 6

When a child's connections between words and referents are made so rapidly that he or she cannot consider all possible meanings of the word, that child is experiencing ____.

Accepted Answer

Fast mapping is the process by which children learn new words very quickly by making connections between words and referents based on just one or a few exposures to the word. This process may sometimes lead to overextensions, where a child applies a word to a wider range of referents than is appropriate, because they cannot consider all possible meanings of the word.

Question 7

If a child believes that the name "cat" refers only to her own family's cat and to no other cats, she is a victim of

Accepted Answer

The child is exhibiting underextension, which is when they apply a general term to a specific example or a limited set of examples. In this case, the child believes that the term "cat" only applies to their own family's pet and not to other cats. Overextension, on the other hand, is when a child applies a specific term to a larger set of examples than is appropriate. Fast mapping refers to the process of rapidly learning a new word after just one exposure, and overregulation is the overapplication of grammatical rules.

Question 8

Grammatical ____ are words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatically correct.

Accepted Answer

Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in language that can change the meaning of a word or a sentence. Grammatical morphemes, such as -s, -ed, and -ing, are added to words to indicate tense, number, or case, and thus make a sentence grammatically correct. Phonemes are the smallest units of sound in language, telegraphs are messages sent by wire, and schemes are plans or strategies.

Question 9

____ style is to the primary use of words that name objects, persons, or actions as ____ style is to the use of names as well as social phrases.

Accepted Answer

Referential style is focused on the literal meaning of words and uses them primarily to communicate information. Expressive style, on the other hand, is focused on the emotional and social qualities of language and utilizes social phrases and names to convey these qualities. Phonemic and morphemic refer to aspects of phonetics and morphology respectively, and dynamic and static are not relevant to the question at hand.

Question 10

Grice (1975) has identified three elements of effective oral communication. They include all EXCEPT which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Grice identified three elements of effective oral communication: (1) people should take turns, alternating as listener and speaker; (2) when speaking, remarks should be clear from the listener's perspective; and (3) when listening, one should inform the speaker if their remarks don't make sense. Option C is incorrect because it is a duplicate statement of the second element of effective oral communication.

Question 11

Toddlers' first conversations tend to be about

Accepted Answer

Toddlers are in the egocentric stage of development and tend to focus on themselves and their own experiences. They may talk about their favorite activities or foods, or recount recent events in their lives. They are less likely to talk about others, such as siblings or parents, and may not yet have developed an understanding of the perspective of others. Toys may be a topic of conversation, but only in relation to the child's own experiences with them.

Question 12

Why might you consider the appearance of overregularization a good thing in the process of a child's language development?

Accepted Answer

Overregularization, or the application of regular grammar rules to irregular words, demonstrates that the child is paying attention to and accepting language rules. This is a milestone in language development because it indicates that the child is moving beyond simply memorizing individual words to understanding and applying underlying grammar principles.

Question 13

For children with a(n) ____ style, language is primarily an intellectual tool. On the other hand, for children with a(n) ____ style, language is primarily a social tool.

Accepted Answer

The referential style refers to a focus on the meaning of words and their referents, rather than the emotional or social aspects of language. Therefore, children with a referential style see language as primarily an intellectual tool. Conversely, expressive style is characterized by a focus on the social and emotional aspects of language, and using it primarily as a means of expressing feelings and establishing social relationships.

Question 14

____ involves applying grammatical rules to words that are, in fact, exceptions to those rules.

Accepted Answer

Overregularization is a common error in language acquisition where a child applies a grammatical rule to irregular words that do not follow the rule. For example, saying "goed" instead of "went" or "mouses" instead of "mice."

Question 15

Which of the following is the MOST accurate statement regarding bilingual children?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that bilingual children have a larger overall vocabulary than monolingual children, as they have knowledge of words in two languages. Bilingual children may have a smaller vocabulary for each individual language compared to monolingual children, but their overall vocabulary is still greater. Studies have shown that bilingualism can benefit cognitive development and academic achievement. There is no evidence to suggest that bilingual children confuse their vocabularies through adolescence.

Question 16

Which of the following circumstances would promote the most cognitive growth in a child?

Accepted Answer

When children discover concepts on their own, they are more likely to retain the information and understand it at a deeper level. This process promotes cognitive growth as children are actively engaging in problem-solving and critical thinking. Additionally, when children are given the opportunity to explore and discover, they may stumble upon other concepts and connections that the teacher may not have initially intended to teach.

Question 17

Which of the following findings noted in observations of older babies supports the statement that babbling is a precursor to the use of real speech?

Accepted Answer

This choice notes that the stress and pitch changes in older babies' babbling resemble real speech, indicating that babbling is a precursor to the use of real speech. The other answer choices do not directly support this statement.

Question 18

Which is the BEST example of overregularization?

Accepted Answer

Overregularization refers to when a child applies a regular grammatical rule to an irregular word. "Runned" instead of "ran" is a classic example of this.

Question 19

Young children draw conclusions about the meanings of words based on a few basic rules. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

Children typically assume that a name refers to a category of objects (e.g., all dogs) rather than just a specific object. This is contrary to choice C, which incorrectly suggests that children believe a name refers only to a specific object.

Question 20

Joe is 18 months old, and is playing with his sister. He looks at her holding the inflatable beach ball, and says "up ball" as he holds out his hands. Joe's attempt to communicate using on a few essential words would be described as ____.

Accepted Answer

Joe's communication using a few essential words like "up ball" is an example of telegraphic speech, which is typical in toddlers who use short and simple combinations of words to convey a larger meaning.

Quiz 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood.