Question 1

Mainstream, traditional theories of criminology have predicted

Accepted Answer

Traditional criminology theories often suggest that crime is more prevalent among lower social classes, implying an inverse relationship between class and crime.

Question 2

According to the text, one of the major "myths" of mainstream criminology has been that

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that mainstream criminology has often focused on political-social factors as the root of crime, which is considered a "myth" in this context.

Question 3

Recent evidence on the relationship between crime and socioeconomic status (SES) suggests that

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

Most past studies of the class-crime relationship have

Accepted Answer

Most past studies of the class-crime relationship have used aggregate measures of crime and class and ignored individual indicators of class and crime.

Question 5

Hirschi's theory deals with

Accepted Answer

Hirschi's theory, also known as social control theory, focuses on the nature of an individual's ties to society and the effect those ties have on their behavior. The theory suggests that individuals with strong bonds to society, such as through meaningful relationships and commitments, are less likely to engage in criminal behavior because they have too much to lose. Conversely, those with weak ties to society are more likely to engage in criminal behavior because they have less to lose.

Question 6

Reckless's (1967) containment theory emphasizes the following as a buffer from a criminogenic environment:

Accepted Answer

Reckless's containment theory posits that a strong self-concept or self-image acts as an inner containment, protecting individuals from succumbing to pressures and temptations from a criminogenic environment.

Question 7

According to limited opportunity theory, the mode of adaptation that explains criminal behavior is

Accepted Answer

Limited opportunity theory suggests that individuals who experience blocked opportunities for achieving cultural goals may turn to criminal means to obtain these goals. Such individuals fall under the category of innovators who come up with creative and illicit ways to achieve their desired goals.

Question 8

Agnew's (1992) General Strain Theory proposes the following path to crime:

Accepted Answer

Agnew's General Strain Theory suggests that strain or stress leads to negative emotions like frustration and anger, which can then lead to aggression or criminal behavior as a way to cope with these feelings.

Question 9

Learning to rationalize breaking the law

Accepted Answer

Learning to rationalize breaking the law can be encouraged by society, as some criminal behavior is glamorized or normalized in media and popular culture. Rationalizing can also help someone avoid punishment by convincing themselves that their actions are justified. This can provide a motive for criminal behavior, as individuals may feel that breaking the law is necessary in certain situations. Additionally, rationalizing allows the individual to control their own behavior by justifying their actions and relieving feelings of guilt or shame.

Question 10

That criminal behavior is positively correlated with having delinquent friends is predicted from

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory argues that individuals learn criminal and delinquent behaviors from their association with others who engage in such behavior. Therefore, criminal behavior is positively correlated with having delinquent friends.

Question 11

Differential association theory views criminal behavior as the result of

Accepted Answer

Differential association theory views criminal behavior as the result of learning from others who have deviant and criminal values, attitudes, and behaviors, rather than solely due to class inequalities, official processing, or poverty.

Question 12

A punishment or cost is a stimulus that

Accepted Answer

A punishment or cost is defined as a stimulus that decreases the probability of behavior. It is intended to make a behavior less likely to occur in the future by adding an aversive consequence or subtracting a desirable one. Punishment can include various types of consequences, such as physical pain, social rejection, financial loss, or psychological discomfort. The key feature of punishment is that it reduces the likelihood of behavior, whereas reinforcement increases it.

Question 13

A subtractive reward ___________ behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A subtractive reward ___________ behavior.
...

Question 14

When a child feels guilty for stealing, the source of the cost is

Accepted Answer

The source of the cost is personal because the guilt arises from the child's own internal sense of right and wrong.

Question 15

A subtractive cost ___________ behavior.

Accepted Answer

Subtractive cost behavior decreases as production volume increases. This is because subtractive costs are associated with removing or eliminating components or materials from the final product, and as production volume increases, more material is being used in the production process, resulting in a decrease in the cost per unit.

Question 16

The effectiveness of a reward will be greatest when the background density of rewards for the behavior is

Accepted Answer

The answer of The effectiveness of a reward will be...

Question 17

GPCSL views behavior as a function of

Accepted Answer

GPCSL, or Generalized Principle of Complementary Social Learning, suggests that behavior is influenced by a combination of factors including rewards, costs, and biological factors. This approach recognizes that behavior is complex and can be driven by multiple factors simultaneously.

Question 18

Feeling euphoric after injecting heroin is a(n)

Accepted Answer

Injecting heroin directly stimulates the brain's reward system, causing a surge of dopamine that results in a nonmediated or direct reward. This rush of euphoria is not influenced by any outside factors, making it a nonmediated reward.

Question 19

After forgetting the birthday of your friend, your friend refuses to talk to you. Your friend is delivering a(n)

Accepted Answer

The answer of After forgetting the birthday of your friend,...

Question 20

The term "schedules of reinforcement" refers to

Accepted Answer

Schedules of reinforcement refer to the pattern or frequency of reward delivery. Density of rewards refers to how often the reward is given, which is the most accurate description of schedules of reinforcement. The other answer choices are not related to the definition of schedules of reinforcement.

Quiz 3: From Criminology Theories to a Psychological Perspective of Criminal Conduct