Question 1

According to Moran et al. (2011) people with autism show differences in what kind of moral judgment?
A) They tend to say that attempted harm is permissible.
B) They show differences when the judgment is based on emotion.
C) They show differences when the judgment is based on reasoning.
D) They tend to assign moral blame to accidental harm.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

What is the role of the amygdala in the model of reactive aggression of Siegel et al. (1999)?
A) It increases the likelihood of aggression through excitatory mechanisms
B) It modulates the likelihood of aggression through both inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms
C) It decreases the likelihood of aggression through inhibitory mechanisms
D) It has no effect on reactive aggression, only instrumental aggression

Accepted Answer

According to Siegel et al. (1999), the amygdala plays a modulatory role in reactive aggression, exerting both inhibitory and excitatory influences depending on the context. In situations of acute stress, the amygdala activates the sympathetic nervous system and increases the likelihood of aggression through excitatory mechanisms. However, in chronic stress situations, the amygdala may become sensitized and lead to the development of inhibitory circuits that reduce the likelihood of aggression. Overall, the amygdala is an important component of the neural circuitry underlying reactive aggression.

Question 3

What term is often given to emotions that are elicited via a comparison of a given behaviour to an ideal or normative standard of behaviour?
A) Anger
B) Moral disgust
C) Moral emotions
D) Humanizing/dehumanizing

Accepted Answer

Moral emotions are often elicited when a given behaviour is compared to an ideal or normative standard of behaviour. Examples of moral emotions include guilt, shame, and pride.

Question 4

What was one of the key observations in Lorenz's (1966) study of animal aggression?
A) Aggressive acts rarely result in actual physical harm.
B) Aggressive acts reflect a 'culture of honor'.
C) There is a distinction between reactive and instrumental aggression.
D) Aggression is not adaptive from an evolutionary perspective.

Accepted Answer

Lorenz's study highlighted that aggressive acts among animals often serve a ritualistic or signaling function rather than causing physical harm, suggesting an evolutionary adaptation to avoid injury while still establishing dominance or territory.

Question 5

What was the name of the famous case who reported personality change following lesions to the frontal lobes?
A) HM
B) Phineas Gage
C) Dr. P
D) Arthur Brown

Accepted Answer

The case of Phineas Gage is one of the most famous cases in neuropsychology, where he suffered a traumatic brain injury to his frontal lobes, which resulted in significant changes in his personality and behavior.

Question 6

What were the findings of the study of resting levels of testosterone in army veterans by Dabbs & Morris (1990)?
A) Testosterone levels were related to reports of antisocial behavior and violence and the effect was greater in the high socio-economic status group.
B) Testosterone levels were related to reports of antisocial behavior and violence independently of socio-economic status.
C) Testosterone levels were unrelated to reports of antisocial behavior and violence.
D) Testosterone levels were related to reports of antisocial behavior and violence and the effect was greater in the low socio-economic status group.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What were the findings of the study...

Question 7

What were the results of Greene et al.'s (2001) fMRI study on the Trolley and Footbridge Dilemmas?
A) The Trolley Dilemma was associated with greater activity in regions linked to emotional processing and theory-of-mind.
B) There were similar levels of activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex in both dilemmas.
C) There were similar levels of activity in the amygdala in both dilemmas.
D) The Footbridge Dilemma was associated with greater activity in regions linked to emotional processing and theory-of-mind.

Accepted Answer

The Footbridge Dilemma, which involves a more personal moral decision, was associated with greater activity in areas of the brain linked to emotional processing and theory-of-mind, reflecting the heightened emotional engagement in this scenario.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?
A) Participants given an injection of testosterone (relative to placebo) show a decrease in heart rate when shown angry faces but not happy faces.
B) Participants given an injection of testosterone (relative to placebo) show an increase in heart rate to both angry and happy faces but not neutral ones.
C) Participants given an injection of testosterone (relative to placebo) show an increase in heart rate when shown angry faces but not happy faces.
D) Participants given an injection of testosterone (relative to placebo) show a decrease in heart rate to both angry and happy faces but not neutral ones.

Accepted Answer

The question states that participants were given an injection of testosterone and shown angry and happy faces, and their heart rate was measured relative to a placebo group. Option C is the only statement that matches these specific criteria, stating that participants given testosterone show an increase in heart rate when shown angry faces but not happy faces. The other options either show no difference between testosterone and placebo or the opposite effect (i.e., decrease in heart rate instead of an increase).

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding psychopaths is true?
A) They show a normal fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli but less activity in the amygdala during such conditioning.
B) They show a reduced fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli but normal activity in the amygdala during such conditioning.
C) They show an enhanced fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli but normal activity in the amygdala during such conditioning.
D) They show a reduced fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli and less activity in the amygdala during such conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Psychopaths typically show a reduced fear-conditioned response to aversive stimuli, which is associated with less activity in the amygdala, a region of the brain involved in emotional processing, including fear.

Question 10

Which region of the brain, when lesioned, is associated with behaviour similar to that found in sociopathy/anti-social personality disorder?
A) Amygdala
B) Lateral prefrontal cortex
C) Orbitofrontal cortex
D) Temporo-parietal junction

Accepted Answer

Lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex have been associated with deficits in emotional regulation and decision-making, which are typical features of anti-social personality disorder/sociopathy.

Question 11

Which statement is true?
A) Testosterone levels rise after winning and fall after losing if you win/lose but not if someone else that you support (e.g. a Soccer team) wins/loses.
B) Testosterone levels fall after winning and rise after losing both if you win/lose and if someone else that you support (e.g. a Soccer team) wins/loses.
C) Testosterone levels fall after winning and rise after losing if you win/lose but not if someone else that you support (e.g. a Soccer team) wins/loses.
D) Testosterone levels rise after winning and fall after losing both if you win/lose and if someone else that you support (e.g. a Soccer team) wins/loses.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that testosterone levels can indeed rise in individuals after winning and fall after losing, not only in personal competitions but also when a team or individual they support wins or loses. This phenomenon reflects the psychological and physiological connection people have with groups or individuals they support, indicating a broader social aspect to competitive success and failure.

Question 12

Who has argued that moral judgments are based on emotion with cognitive reasoning providing only a post hoc justification?
A) Bandura
B) Moll
C) Haidt
D) Kohlberg

Accepted Answer

Jonathan Haidt has argued that moral judgments are based on emotion with cognitive reasoning providing only a post hoc justification. He believes that people have innate moral intuitions that guide their judgments, and that reason is often used to provide reasoning for decisions already made based on emotion.

Question 13

Who has proposed a neuroscientific approach for understanding the notion of responsibility?
A) Damasio et al. (1990)
B) Suhler & Churchland (2009)
C) DeWall et al. (2007)
D) Decety et al. (2009)

Accepted Answer

Suhler & Churchland (2009) proposed a neuroscientific approach for understanding the notion of responsibility.

Question 14

Who is most closely associated with the frustration-aggression model?
A) Hawley
B) Lorenz
C) Berkowitz
D) Bandura

Accepted Answer

The frustration-aggression model is closely associated with the work of Berkowitz. This theory suggests that frustration leads to aggression, particularly when the frustration is intentional, unexpected, and attributed to an external source.

Question 15

What is the most common decision on the Trolley Dilemma?
A) Do nothing
B) Kill five, save one
C) Kill one, save five
D) Call for help

Accepted Answer

Killing one person to save five is the morally justifiable choice according to the principle of utilitarianism. This principle suggests that we should always aim to produce the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people. In this case, sacrificing one life would result in saving five lives, which would produce the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of people.

Question 16

The Westermarck effect offers a biological explanation for what?
A) Instrumental aggression
B) Psychopathy
C) The incest taboo
D) Reactive aggression

Accepted Answer

The Westermarck effect is a theory that explains why people are generally not sexually attracted to members of their own family. This effect suggests that people who live in close proximity during early childhood will develop a sexual aversion to each other, which helps prevent incestuous relationships.

Question 17

According to Siegel et al. (1999) which region, when stimulated in cats, shows a defensive rage reaction?
A) Insula
B) Periaqueductal gray
C) Ventral striatum
D) Ventral tegmental area

Accepted Answer

According to Siegel et al. (1999), stimulation of the periaqueductal gray region in cats can produce a defensive rage reaction.

Question 18

According to the research of Blair (1995, 1996) which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy are true?
A) Neither group understands the moral/conventional distinction.
B) People with psychopathy understand the moral/conventional distinction whereas people with autism do not.
C) People with autism understand the moral/conventional distinction whereas psychopaths do not.
D) Both groups understand the moral/conventional distinction.

Accepted Answer

Blair's research found that individuals with autism spectrum disorder are capable of understanding the moral/conventional distinction, unlike individuals with psychopathy, who typically struggle with this differentiation.

Question 19

According to the studies of van Honk et al. (2001) and Putnam et al. (2004) who is more/less likely to pay attention to angry faces?
A) Those with high-trait angriness pay less attention to angry faces; those with social anxiety pay more attention to them.
B) Those with high-trait angriness pay more attention to angry faces; those with high extraversion pay less attention to them.
C) Those with high-trait angriness pay less attention to angry faces; those with high extraversion pay more attention to them.
D) Those with high-trait angriness pay more attention to angry faces; those with social anxiety pay less attention to them.

Accepted Answer

Based on the studies by van Honk et al. (2001) and Putnam et al. (2004), individuals with high-trait angriness are more likely to pay attention to angry faces, while individuals with social anxiety are less likely to pay attention to angry faces. Therefore, choice D is the best answer.

Question 20

According to the theory of Moll and colleagues (e.g. Moll et al. 2005), what are moral emotions?
A) An integration of emotional processing with certain kinds of cognitive appraisal
B) A conflict between emotional processing and certain kinds of cognitive appraisal
C) A type of emotional processing in which cognitive appraisal plays no role
D) A type of cognitive appraisal in which emotional processing plays no role

Accepted Answer

According to the theory of Moll and colleagues, moral emotions are an integration of emotional processing with certain kinds of cognitive appraisal. This means that moral emotions involve both emotions and cognitive appraisal and cannot be explained solely by one or the other.

Quiz 10: Morality and Anti-Social Behaviour

According to Moran et al. (2011) people with autism show differences in what kind of moral judgment?

What is the role of the amygdala in the model of reactive aggression of Siegel et al. (1999) ?

What term is often given to emotions that are elicited via a comparison of a given behaviour to an ideal or normative standard of behaviour?

What was one of the key observations in Lorenz's (1966) study of animal aggression?

What was the name of the famous case who reported personality change following lesions to the frontal lobes?

What were the findings of the study of resting levels of testosterone in army veterans by Dabbs & Morris (1990) ?

What were the results of Greene et al.'s (2001) fMRI study on the Trolley and Footbridge Dilemmas?

Which of the following statements is true?

Which of the following statements regarding psychopaths is true?

Which region of the brain, when lesioned, is associated with behaviour similar to that found in sociopathy/anti-social personality disorder?

Which statement is true?

Who has argued that moral judgments are based on emotion with cognitive reasoning providing only a post hoc justification?

Who has proposed a neuroscientific approach for understanding the notion of responsibility?

Who is most closely associated with the frustration-aggression model?

What is the most common decision on the Trolley Dilemma?

The Westermarck effect offers a biological explanation for what?

According to Siegel et al. (1999) which region, when stimulated in cats, shows a defensive rage reaction?

According to the research of Blair (1995, 1996) which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder and psychopathy are true?

According to the studies of van Honk et al. (2001) and Putnam et al. (2004) who is more/less likely to pay attention to angry faces?

According to the theory of Moll and colleagues (e.g. Moll et al. 2005) , what are moral emotions?