Question 1

Satish is a young child whose moral understanding is characterized by the belief that rules are fixed external features of reality. Satish's moral understanding reflects

Accepted Answer

Satish's belief that rules are fixed external features of reality is indicative of a realist perspective, in which rules are seen as objective and universal rather than subjective or contextual. Satish has yet to develop a more nuanced understanding of morality that takes into account individual perspectives and situational factors.

Question 2

Dr. Miller wants to assess the moral reasoning of young children with a short-answer questionnaire that allows for efficient gathering and scoring of information. Dr. Miller will most likely use the

Accepted Answer

The Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form is a short-answer questionnaire designed to assess moral reasoning in children. It allows for efficient gathering and scoring of information, making it a good choice for Dr. Miller's purposes. The other options listed may be more comprehensive, but are not as efficient for short-answer assessment.

Question 3

At Kohlberg's conventional level, moral understanding is based on

Accepted Answer

At Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development, individuals' moral reasoning is based on conforming to societal norms and laws, and maintaining social order. This level emphasizes the importance of positive human relationships and the functioning of society, which is reflected in choice C.

Question 4

According to Piaget, two factors that limit children's moral understanding are __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that children's moral understanding is limited by their cognitive immaturity and the power of adults to insist that children comply. He argued that as children’s cognitive abilities mature and they gain more autonomy, their moral reasoning also develops.

Question 5

Eight-year-old Carlos and 9-year-old Theresa are arguing over a bag of candy. Which of the following statements most accurately reflects their probable response to intervention?

Accepted Answer

At their age, Carlos and Theresa should be able to understand directives and rules related to sharing and taking turns. Therefore, they are likely to stop fighting if someone gives them a clear directive to do so. They may not comply immediately, but the intervention is likely to be successful in the long term. Additionally, they are at an age where they are developing a sense of right and wrong, and are likely to consider a directive to share as fair and just. Therefore, option C is the most accurate response.

Question 6

Kohlberg emphasized that it is the __________, not the __________ that determines moral judgment maturity when presented with the Heinz dilemma.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory asserts that it is not the actual decision or behavior that matters in assessing moral reasoning, but rather the thought process and justification behind it. Therefore, the way an individual reasons about the dilemma is the key determinant in their level of moral maturity according to Kohlberg's theory.

Question 7

By what age do children clearly recognize the difference between truthfulness and lying?

Accepted Answer

According to research, by the age of 4, children are able to distinguish truthfulness and lying, as they begin to understand the concept of deception and the consequences of it.

Question 8

Both Piaget and Kohlberg used a(n) __________ procedure to study moral development.

Accepted Answer

Piaget and Kohlberg both used clinical interviewing as their primary method for studying moral development. This approach involves asking open-ended questions to explore the reasoning behind individuals' thoughts and actions, particularly in moral dilemmas.

Question 9

In Kohlberg's theory, at the __________ level, children accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consquences.

Accepted Answer

The preconventional level is the first level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development. At this level, individuals focus on the consequences of actions and make judgments based on punishments and rewards. Children accept the rules of authority figures because they fear punishment, and they judge actions based on whether they result in favorable or unfavorable outcomes.

Question 10

Preschoolers more often than older children evaluate lies

Accepted Answer

Preschoolers tend to have a more black and white moral outlook and may not understand the nuances and justifications for lying in certain situations.

Question 11

In response to the Heinz dilemma, Bill says, "You shouldn't steal the drug because you'll be caught and sent to jail if you do. If you do get away, the police would catch up with you any minute." Bill is most likely in the __________ stage.

Accepted Answer

Bill's reasoning focuses on avoiding punishment by adhering to societal rules and laws. This is characteristic of the punishment and obedience orientation, which is typical of younger children and individuals who are punished for breaking rules rather than being guided to understand the underlying principles. The fact that his reasoning centers on avoiding getting caught, rather than on the ethical implications of stealing, supports this conclusion.

Question 12

Lamis likes to play "Go Fish." One day when her older brother suggests changing the rules, she adamantly insists that the rules cannot be changed. Lamis has not yet made the transition to

Accepted Answer

Lamis's insistence on not changing the rules of the game reflects a stage of moral development where rules are seen as fixed and shared, which is characteristic of the morality of cooperation. This stage involves understanding that rules can be negotiated and are based on mutual agreement, but Lamis is not showing flexibility in rule modification, indicating she hasn't fully transitioned to this understanding.

Question 13

To study moral development, Kohlberg

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg presented people with hypothetical moral dilemmas to study moral development. This allowed him to systematically manipulate the variables and control for extraneous factors, making his research more reliable and valid.

Question 14

Children __________ certain types of truthfulness-for example, blunt statements, particularly when made in public contexts where they are especially likely to have negative social consequences.

Accepted Answer

The sentence states that children evaluate blunt statements made in public contexts as having negative social consequences, indicating that they evaluate such truthfulness negatively.

Question 15

Piaget regarded peer disagreements as especially facilitating in the development of

Accepted Answer

Piaget believed that peer disagreements can promote the development of the morality of cooperation, in which children learn to take into account the perspectives of others and value their contributions to problem-solving. The other options are not directly related to peer disagreements in Piaget's theory.

Question 16

According to Piaget, older children in the morality of cooperation stage understand __________, which helps them realize that rules can be reinterpreted and revised.

Accepted Answer

Ideal reciprocity refers to the idea that people should treat others how they would like to be treated themselves. This concept helps older children in the morality of cooperation stage understand that rules can be reinterpreted and revised in order to achieve fairness and justice. Realism is a term used by Piaget to describe a stage of moral development in which children are focused on avoiding punishment and obeying authority, rather than considering moral principles. A moral dilemma refers to a situation in which a person must choose between two or more conflicting moral principles or values. Induction refers to a parenting technique in which parents explain the consequences of a child's behavior on others and encourage empathy, rather than simply punishing the child. While induction can be helpful for promoting moral development, it is not specifically related to the concept of rule reinterpretation and revision.

Question 17

Canadian children are more likely than Chinese children to favor lying

Accepted Answer

Canadian children are more likely to favor lying to support the individual at the expense of the group, reflecting a cultural emphasis on individualism.

Question 18

Follow-up research on Piaget's theory indicates that children

Accepted Answer

Follow-up research on Piaget's theory suggests that children do not regard adults with unquestioning respect. Instead, they learn to understand that adults may have weaknesses and make mistakes. This realization contributes to the development of more complex cognitive structures in children.

Question 19

If Tatum is in Kohlberg's stage of instrumental purpose orientation, which of the following statements would describe how she looks at moral dilemmas?

Accepted Answer

This stage of moral development is characterized by a focus on reciprocity and exchange in relationships. Tatum is likely to view moral dilemmas as opportunities to negotiate and exchange favors, such as "You do this for me, and I'll do that for you."

Question 20

According to Kohlberg, given a choice between obeying the law and preserving individual rights, the most advanced moral thinkers will

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the most advanced moral thinkers operate at the post-conventional level, where they prioritize universal ethical principles over specific laws. Thus, they may choose to break the law if it conflicts with individual rights or higher moral principles.

Quiz 12: Moral Development