Question 1

Based on habituation and recovery research, Dahlia's parents know that between 6 and 12 months old, Dahlia will be able to

Accepted Answer

Based on habituation and recovery research, infants between 6 and 12 months old are able to group objects into impressive categories such as food items, furniture, birds, animals, kitchen utensils, and spatial location. This is due to their developing cognitive abilities and increased experience in the world. Therefore, choice B is the best answer.

Question 2

Baby Rina, who is still developing the expertise at motor skills necessary for the search task, is more likely to make the A-not-B search error because

Accepted Answer

Baby Rina is likely to make the A-not-B error because her cognitive resources are limited, making it difficult for her to inhibit the habitual response of reaching toward location A, even when she sees the object being hidden at location B.

Question 3

Baillargeon's violation-of-expectation studies provided evidence that infants have some knowledge of object permanence

Accepted Answer

Baillargeon's studies suggested that infants as young as 2½ to 3½ months old have some understanding of object permanence, challenging the traditional view that this understanding does not develop until later in infancy.

Question 4

__________ and __________ are the two landmark cognitive changes that take place in sensorimotor Substage 4 of Piaget's theory.

Accepted Answer

In sensorimotor Substage 4, which spans from about 8 to 12 months of age, two significant cognitive changes occur according to Piaget's theory: intentional (or goal-directed) behavior and object permanence. Intentional behavior refers to the understanding that one can use certain actions to achieve a goal, while object permanence is the realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

Question 5

Baby Waldo is twisting and turning triangles, circles, and squares to fit them into his shape-sorter toy. According to Piaget, this behavior is best described as a __________ circular reaction.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, when a child begins to use trial and error to explore the properties of objects, it is known as tertiary circular reactions. In this case, Baby Waldo is experimenting with manipulating shapes to fit them into the shape-sorter toy. This involves purposeful and deliberate actions, which are characteristic of the tertiary circular reaction stage. Therefore, the best choice is option D, tertiary. Options A, B, and C are not appropriate because they describe earlier stages of cognitive development.

Question 6

Toddlers in Substage 6 of the sensorimotor period can solve object-permanence problems involving invisible displacement because they have developed the capacity to

Accepted Answer

Substage 6 is characterized by the ability to construct mental representations, which allows toddlers to understand object permanence even when objects are hidden from sight. This ability is necessary for solving invisible displacement problems.

Question 7

Some researchers believe that before the end of the first year, babies undergo a fundamental shift from a(n) __________ basis to a(n) __________ basis for constructing categories

Accepted Answer

Babies initially rely on perceptual features to categorize objects, but as they develop, they begin to use conceptual understanding to form categories.

Question 8

When infants are tested to discover whether they understand the concept of object permanence and are shown two events-one expected and one unexpected-the infants

Accepted Answer

Infants show the ability to understand the concept of object permanence by looking longer at unexpected events. This suggests they notice when an object behaves differently than expected, indicating an understanding that the object still exists even when it is out of sight. Thus, infants look longer at the unexpected event than the expected event.

Question 9

By the end of the first year, infants

Accepted Answer

The answer of By the end of the first year,...

Question 10

Categorization helps infants learn and remember by

Accepted Answer

Categorization reduces the amount of new information encountered by infants by allowing them to group similar stimuli together, making it easier for them to remember and identify them in the future.

Question 11

Infants in Substage 5

Accepted Answer

Infants in Substage 5, also known as the tertiary circular reactions stage, repeat behaviors with variations as they explore and experiment with objects and their surroundings. They may engage in trial-and-error behavior to discover new ways of achieving their goals. They also have increased curiosity and interest in novel objects and situations. However, they do not have the cognitive ability to arrive at solutions to problems suddenly.

Question 12

Jae-Sun is a toddler growing up in Korea where children learn a language in which object names are often omitted from sentences. For that reason, he will most likely develop object-grouping skills __________-speaking counterparts.

Accepted Answer

In languages where object names are often omitted, children may develop object-grouping skills later because they have less exposure to explicit object labeling compared to English-speaking children, where object names are frequently used.

Question 13

In the violation-of-expectation method, __________ suggests that Baby Will is "surprised" by a deviation from physical reality.

Accepted Answer

The violation-of-expectation method involves presenting a baby with a scenario that deviates from their understanding of physical reality. If the baby shows heightened attention to the unexpected event, this suggests that they are surprised by the deviation and that their expectations have been violated. Therefore, option B, which describes heightened attention, is the best choice. Options A, C, and D do not describe a baby's reaction to a violation-of-expectation scenario.

Question 14

Laboratory research suggests that deferred imitation is present at __________ of age.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Laboratory research suggests that deferred imitation is...

Question 15

Baby Lakota is shown a ball that is then hidden under a cover. What must Lakota do to retrieve the ball?

Accepted Answer

Lakota must coordinate her motor skills to remove the cover and grasp the ball. This requires the use of "pushing aside" and "grasping" schemes, which are part of Substage 4 of the sensorimotor period. Options A, C, and D are not correct because they do not accurately describe the process of retrieving the hidden ball.

Question 16

Mara is 10 months of age. Research suggests that Mara can

Accepted Answer

The answer of Mara is 10 months of age. Research...

Question 17

Some critics of the violation-of-expectation method

Accepted Answer

The violation-of-expectation method is often interpreted as indicating limited, implicit awareness of physical events rather than conscious understanding. Critics argue that infants' reactions in these experiments reflect a basic level of awareness rather than a fully developed, conscious understanding of the events.

Question 18

Toddlers' ability to represent others' intentions

Accepted Answer

According to research, toddlers' ability to represent others' intentions seems to have roots in earlier sensorimotor activity. This contradicts Piaget's prediction that it occurs later in development. Refinement of reflexive schemes and gains in categorization may be related to this ability but are not the primary origin of it.

Question 19

Each time Mr. Chow hides 7-month-old Jana's doll under her blanket, she retrieves the toy. When Mr. Chow then hides the doll under a pillow near the blanket, Jana continues to look under the blanket for the doll. Jana is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

Jana's behavior indicates that she is making the A-not-B search error, which is a common mistake made by infants in which they continue to look in the location where an object was previously found (A), even after seeing it moved to a new location (B). In this scenario, Jana is looking under the blanket (A) even though the doll has been moved under a pillow (B).

Question 20

In Piaget's theory, infants are unable to mentally represent experience until about _____ months of age.

Accepted Answer

According to Piaget, infants begin to develop the ability to mentally represent experiences during the sensorimotor stage, which occurs around 18 months of age.

Quiz 6: Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives