Question 1

The science of human limitations, and creating systems in aviation that are designed to optimize performance and capture errors, is called:

Accepted Answer

The science of human limitations and creating systems in aviation that are designed to optimize performance and capture errors is called human factors. The other options, such as sociology and psychology of aviation, may be related but are not specific to the study of human limitations in aviation.

Question 2

Which statement is NOT correct in relation to the history of aviation accidents?

Accepted Answer

All three statements are correct. Initially, aviation safety improvements were often made in reaction to accidents. Accident rates did decline between the 1950s and 1960s and then plateaued until the end of the 1970s. The 1979 NASA seminar was pivotal in integrating human factors into pilot training, marking a significant advancement in aviation safety.

Question 3

CRM training

Accepted Answer

CRM (Cockpit Resource Management) training is mandatory for pilots and aims to create a culture of teamwork in aviation. It is not limited to airline Captains and has not always been accepted in aviation, as it was only after established failures and crashes that the importance of CRM was recognized.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a component of a CRM framework?

Accepted Answer

Co-operation, leadership and managerial skills, decision making, and situation awareness are all essential components of a CRM framework. Fatigue is not a component, but rather a factor that can negatively impact CRM.

Question 5

In modern aviation, the NOTECHS framework is commonly used as a standardized structure for CRM training and assessment. Which of these is an example of a NOTECHS category?

Accepted Answer

NOTECHS stands for Non-Technical Skills and is a framework used to assess and train pilots in their non-technical skills. The categories within NOTECHS include situation awareness, decision-making, communication, teamwork, leadership, and managing stress and fatigue. Data analysis, checklist knowledge, aircraft knowledge, and computing are all technical skills, and not part of the NOTECHS framework.

Question 6

In LOFT training

Accepted Answer

LOFT (Line Oriented Flight Training) is a type of training where pilots are placed in a flight simulator and work through a scenario that incorporates a variety of abnormal or emergency procedures. This allows them to practice decision-making and communication skills in a realistic environment without risking the safety of passengers and crew. The other options (A, B, D) are not accurate descriptions of LOFT training.

Question 7

During a LOSA

Accepted Answer

During a Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA), experts observe cockpit procedures during normal operations to assess threats faced by the crew. This helps to identify safety risks and improve safety measures for future flights. Options B, C, D are not accurate statements about the purpose and process of a LOSA.

Question 8

Today, CRM and LOFT training incorporates LOSA observations to create a company specific training system, which is called:

Accepted Answer

The company specific training system that incorporates LOSA observations is called TEM, which stands for Threat and Error Management. This is now a common component of CRM and LOFT training. Option A (TIRE), C (TAA), D (TTA), and E (TTC) are not valid options for this question.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

Human limitations are a natural part of being human and not necessarily reflective of incompetence or lack of effort. It's important to design systems that account for human factors to reduce the potential for complications in handling an accident or emergency situation. Error intolerance in systems is also important, but not the only consideration. It's important to design systems that are adaptable and can accommodate human limitations to prevent errors from occurring in the first place. Therefore, option B is the correct statement.

Question 10

Which of these is NOT an issue investigated in the science of human factors?

Accepted Answer

Human factors science investigates a wide range of issues related to human capabilities and limitations, including culture, fatigue, decision making, and workload management, to optimize human performance and safety.

Question 11

What is the most common reason for aviation professionals to lose their medical licenses?

Accepted Answer

Cardiovascular disease, particularly high blood pressure and coronary artery disease, is the most common reason for aviation professionals to lose their medical licenses. This is because a pilot who experiences a coronary event or has uncontrolled hypertension could lose consciousness or suffer incapacitation during flight, endangering themselves and their passengers. Mental health concerns and vision loss are also significant contributors to medical license revocation in the aviation industry, but they are less common than cardiovascular disease. Loss of fine motor skills and cancer are also possible reasons, but much less frequent.

Question 12

Fatigue is a complicated issue linked to reduced physical and mental performance and alertness. Fatigue is associated with a variety of factors, including sleep requirements, continuous hours awake, and circadian rhythms. Which one is correct about fatigue?

Accepted Answer

Option A is incorrect because even though pilots may become accustomed to dealing with fatigue, it still negatively impacts their performance. Option B is incorrect because jet lag can lead to fatigue. Option C is incorrect because even a small reduction in sleep can lead to a decrease in alertness. Option D is correct because continuous hours awake have a significant impact on performance and can lead to fatigue.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an example of a lack of situational awareness by an aviation professional?

Accepted Answer

All the options (A, B, C, D) describe scenarios where individuals involved in aviation operations fail to fully understand or appreciate the conditions, actions, or outcomes that could affect safety and operational effectiveness, thus demonstrating a lack of situational awareness.

Question 14

In order to make an informed decision, aviation professionals must be:

Accepted Answer

Situationally aware means being aware of what is happening around you and being able to make decisions based on that information. This is important for aviation professionals because they need to be able to make quick decisions in order to keep their passengers safe.

Question 15

A system of organization-wide risk identification and risk assessment is initialized as:

Accepted Answer

SMS, or Safety Management System, is a system that includes an organization-wide risk identification and risk assessment process, as well as other components such as safety policies, procedures, and performance indicators. The other options listed do not specifically relate to risk identification and assessment processes.

Question 16

'The state in which the possibility of harm to person or of property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management'. This is the ICAO definition of:

Accepted Answer

The definition provided is the ICAO definition of "Safety," which involves reducing and maintaining the risk of harm to people or property at an acceptable level through ongoing hazard identification and risk management.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

All the statements provided are correct. The Mahon Report did indeed find that Air New Zealand had misled investigators about the circumstances leading to the Mount Erebus disaster. The crash on November 28, 1979, did occur as described, with a DC10 flying into Mount Erebus, resulting in 257 fatalities. The Moshansky Report, following the crash in Dryden, Ontario, highlighted systemic issues within the aviation industry contributing to the accident. Both reports have contributed significantly to the push for Safety Management Systems (SMS) and a more organizational approach to safety within the aviation industry.

Question 18

The Mahon and Moshansky reports, both agree in principle with

Accepted Answer

Both the Mahon and Moshansky reports make reference to Reason's Swiss Cheese Model, which is a framework for analyzing accidents that highlights the role of multiple layers of contributing factors. While the reports do not explicitly endorse the model, they do acknowledge its usefulness in understanding aviation accidents. None of the other answer choices are supported by the reports.

Question 19

According to Reason's Swiss cheese model, when describing the cause of an accident, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Reason's Swiss cheese model, when...

Question 20

Which of the following is not a level of human error as described by HFACS?

Accepted Answer

HFACS (Human Factors Analysis and Classification System) categorizes human error into four levels: preconditions for unsafe acts, unsafe supervision, unsafe acts of operators, and organizational influences. Industrial influences are not included as a level of human error in HFACS.

Quiz 10: Safety