A relation between X and Y is called 'spurious' if...
A) the effect of X on Y is moderated by Z
B) the relationship between X and Y is mediated by Z
C) X and Y are associated but not causally related

Question

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

A spurious relationship between X and Y is one where they are associated but not causally related, so choice C is the correct answer. If the effect of X on Y is moderated by Z, that means the relationship between X and Y changes based on the level of Z, which is not a spurious relationship. Similarly, if the relationship between X and Y is mediated by Z, then Z is a causal factor in the relationship between X and Y, which is also not a spurious relationship.

A Relation Between X and Y Is Called 'Spurious' If