Question 1

Police departments develop juvenile units because:

Accepted Answer

Juvenile cases often involve complex legal and social issues that require specialized knowledge and processing. Therefore, police departments develop juvenile units to ensure that these cases are handled appropriately and effectively.

Question 2

What level of law enforcement has most frequent contact with juveniles?

Accepted Answer

Local law enforcement, such as police officers and sheriffs, have the most frequent contact with juveniles as they are the ones who respond to calls for service and patrol neighborhoods where juveniles may congregate. Federal and state law enforcement agencies may be involved in cases that cross state lines or involve federal laws, but these situations are less common. Private security may have some contact with juveniles in certain settings (e.g. shopping malls), but their role is not primarily focused on law enforcement.

Question 3

The innovation in policing known as community-oriented policing emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

Community-oriented policing emphasizes community-based crime prevention, working with citizens to identify problems and strategies to address them. It also involves building relationships and partnerships between police and community members to promote public safety. This approach recognizes that the police alone cannot solve all problems and that collaboration with the community is essential. It is not focused on police expertise or due process requirements, and it does not involve privatization of policing.

Question 4

For juvenile matters that involve minor criminal conduct or status offending, the police have traditionally been encouraged to follow what course of action?

Accepted Answer

The least restrictive alternative is the preferred course of action for minor criminal conduct or status offending. This means utilizing interventions that are not unnecessarily harsh or restrictive, such as counseling or diversion programs, rather than immediately involving the juvenile justice system.

Question 5

When confronted with juveniles engaging in illegal behavior, law enforcement officers are required to:

Accepted Answer

When confronted with juveniles engaging in illegal behavior, law enforcement officers are not always required to make an arrest or file a petition. The best course of action will depend on the specific circumstances, and officers may choose to issue a warning, contact the youth's parents, or refer the case to a community-based program instead. It is important to consider the best interests of the youth as well as public safety.

Question 6

Research indicates that the social characteristics of the juvenile (age, gender, race, and social class) have little influence on law enforcement decisions by the police because such decisions are shaped by legal factors alone.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that the social characteristics of juveniles do have an impact on law enforcement decisions by the police, as factors such as race and social class can affect how police officers perceive and interact with juveniles. Legal factors are only one aspect that influences law enforcement decisions.

Question 7

A police officer decides to refer a runaway case to a runaway shelter instead of making a formal referral to the juvenile court. This is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

Referring a runaway case to a runaway shelter instead of the juvenile court is an example of diversion, which is the process of referring a juvenile offender to a program or service (such as a counseling or education program, community service, or a diversion program) rather than the formal juvenile justice system. Diversion aims to provide an effective intervention that addresses the underlying causes of the juvenile's behavior and provides an opportunity for the juvenile to avoid a formal court process that could have negative consequences in the long term.

Question 8

The legally authorized deprivation of a person's liberty is called:

Accepted Answer

The action described in the question is arrest. Desistance refers to the cessation of criminal behavior, incasement is not a recognized legal term, and debilitation refers to a state of weakness or impairment.

Question 9

Historically, the primary purpose of arresting a juvenile was to ____________ the youth.

Accepted Answer

Historically, the primary purpose of arresting a juvenile was to protect the youth. The goal was to remove juveniles from dangerous or harmful environments and provide them with guidance and rehabilitation. The punitive approach of punishing juveniles came later, as the juvenile justice system evolved.

Question 10

Police refer cases to the juvenile court by:

Accepted Answer

Police officers typically refer cases to the juvenile court by issuing a ticket to the youth or submitting a police report to the juvenile court. This is the most common and direct way for police to begin the process of juvenile justice intervention.

Question 11

What term refers to the procedural rights of citizens that are established in constitutions and extended through appellate court decisions and statutory laws? These rights are based on individual freedoms and limitations of governmental powers.

Accepted Answer

Due process refers to the procedural rights of citizens that are established in constitutions and extended through appellate court decisions and statutory laws, based on individual freedoms and limitations of governmental powers. Probable cause refers to the requirement that law enforcement must have a reasonable belief that a crime has been or is about to be committed before making an arrest, conducting a search or seizure, or requesting a warrant. Cease and desist refers to a legal order to stop engaging in a particular activity or behavior. Double jeopardy refers to the principle that an individual cannot be tried twice for the same crime after being acquitted or convicted.

Question 12

What is the legal principle that requires illegally obtained evidence to be excluded from a court of law?

Accepted Answer

The exclusionary rule is the legal principle that requires illegally obtained evidence to be excluded from a court of law. This rule is based on the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures by law enforcement officials. The purpose of the exclusionary rule is to deter law enforcement officials from engaging in unlawful conduct and violating individuals' constitutional rights.

Question 13

The Supreme Court case State v. Lowry (1967) confirmed:

Accepted Answer

State v. Lowry confirmed a juvenile's right against unreasonable searches by police. Specifically, the Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained during a search of a juvenile's home without a warrant was inadmissible in court, as it violated the juvenile's Fourth Amendment rights.

Question 14

An adult is arrested, a juvenile is __________.

Accepted Answer

A juvenile is taken into custody when they are arrested, while the other options do not accurately describe the situation of a juvenile being arrested.

Question 15

The following qestinons are on Reading 7.1: Slocum et al. (2016).
-Which of the following do Slocum et al. (2016) hypothesize in their study of police contact, procedural injustice, and subsequent delinquency?

Accepted Answer

Slocum et al. (2016) hypothesize that the negative consequences of police contact on subsequent delinquency will only emerge for youth who are dissatisfied with their treatment, and that police contact will have a direct effect on delinquency. Therefore, both options A and C are correct. Option B is not supported by the study.

Question 16

The following qestinons are on Reading 7.1: Slocum et al. (2016).
-Where did Slocum et al. (2016) get their data to test their hypotheses?

Accepted Answer

Slocum et al. (2016) obtained their data from the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training Program (GREAT).

Question 17

The following qestinons are on Reading 7.1: Slocum et al. (2016).
-What recommendation does Slocum et al. (2016) make regarding future research on police contact, procedural injustice, and subsequent delinquency?

Accepted Answer

Slocum et al. (2016) recommend that future research on police contact, procedural injustice, and subsequent delinquency should consider the effects of police contact on youth based on their characteristics such as race and gender, the context of the police-citizen interactions such as neighborhood type, and also extend analyses to other types of police contact such as interactions with school resource officers. Therefore, the correct answer is D (all of the above).

Question 18

The following qestinons are on Reading 7.2: Dudley (2015).
-According to studies hihglighted by Dudley 2015, how are young African American boys viewed by police in relation to Caucasian boys of the same age?

Accepted Answer

Studies highlighted by Dudley (2015) indicate that young African American boys are often viewed by police as being older than their actual age, in contrast to their Caucasian counterparts, contributing to a bias in perception and treatment.

Question 19

The following qestinons are on Reading 7.2: Dudley (2015).
-According to Dudley 2015, how can police play a role in easing trauma experienced by children?

Accepted Answer

All three options - reporting domestic violence, alerting schools, and cleaning up crime scenes - can help police play a role in easing trauma experienced by children. By reporting domestic violence, police can help ensure that children receive necessary intervention and support. By alerting schools, police can help ensure that children who may be affected by neighborhood crime receive extra support and attention. By cleaning up crime scenes quickly, police can help limit the potential exposure of children and the public to traumatic events. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 20

The following qestinons are on Reading 7.2: Dudley (2015).
-In the Dudley 2015 reading, which of the following was not mentioned as a way to mitigate the impacts of childhood trauma?

Accepted Answer

Having a strong and aggressive police presence in neighborhoods was not mentioned as a way to mitigate the impacts of childhood trauma in the Dudley 2015 reading. The other options, parental support and nurturing, early therapeutic intervention, and feeling of safety and protection at home and in schools, were mentioned as important ways to address the impacts of trauma.

Quiz 7: Cops and Kids: Policing Juveniles