Question 1

Breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world
A) are more likely than bottle-fed babies to be malnourished.
B) should be given a vitamin-enriched supplement of commercial formula at least weekly.
C) are far more likely than bottle-fed babies to survive the first year of life.
D) should be breastfed until age 2 years, with solid food added at 3 months of age.

Accepted Answer

Breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world are far more likely than bottle-fed babies to survive the first year of life. Breast milk provides the necessary nutrients, antibodies, and hydration for infants in these areas where access to clean water and proper sanitation is limited. Giving a vitamin-enriched supplement of commercial formula may not always be feasible or sustainable in these regions, and there is no evidence to support adding solid food at 3 months of age. However, it is important to ensure that breastfeeding mothers are well-nourished themselves to produce enough milk for their babies.

Question 2

In the United States,
A) nearly 75 percent of mothers breastfeed, but half of them stop after a few months.
B) most mothers follow the advice of the World Health Organization regarding when to stop breastfeeding.
C) breastfeeding has become more common, especially among low-income minority women.
D) only 25 percent of preterm babies are breastfed at hospital discharge.

Accepted Answer

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nearly 75 percent of mothers in the United States begin breastfeeding their babies, but only about half of them continue for six months or longer. This suggests that many mothers stop breastfeeding after a few months.

Question 3

Pound for pound, a young infant's energy needs are at least __ times those of an adult.
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Accepted Answer

Young infants have higher energy needs per pound of body weight compared to adults, typically at least 2 times more, due to rapid growth and development.

Question 4

One possible explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in American homes is that American children
A) are much more dependent than children from other cultures.
B) are expected to sleep for more hours than children from other cultures .
C) often eat late in the evening, which interferes with sleep.
D) may feel stressed when they must fall asleep without assistance.

Accepted Answer

American children may feel stressed when they must fall asleep without assistance, which could explain the high frequency of bedtime struggles in American homes.

Question 5

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises
A) exclusive breastfeeding for the first 2 years.
B) exclusive breastfeeding for the first 12 months.
C) inclusion of breast milk in the baby's diet until at least 1 year.
D) weaning from breast milk by age 6 months.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends that infants be exclusively breastfed for about the first 6 months, with continued breastfeeding along with appropriate complementary foods for 1 year or longer.

Question 6

As long as negative environmental influences such as poor nutrition or illness are not severe,
A) children and adolescents typically show catch-up growth once conditions improve.
B) adopted children typically reach a height closer to their adoptive than biological parents' heights.
C) body weight is influenced by eating habits rather than heredity.
D) height and rate of physical growth are largely determined by the environment.

Accepted Answer

Catch-up growth refers to a phenomenon where children and adolescents experience rapid physical growth to attain their genetically determined height after experiencing temporary growth suppression due to negative environmental factors like poor nutrition or minor illnesses. Once these conditions improve, children and adolescents typically show catch-up growth to reach their predicted heights.

Option B is incorrect because although adoptive children may have the potential to reach heights closer to their adoptive parents because of the influence of a supportive environment, genetics still play a significant role in determining height.

Option C is also incorrect because body weight is influenced by both eating habits and heredity.

Option D is incorrect because height and rate of physical growth are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, with genetics accounting for approximately 60-80% of the variability in height.

Question 7

Bulous is 20 months old and was recently weaned. He has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. Bulous has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. Bulous most likely has
A) iron-deficiency anemia.
B) kwashiorkor.
C) nonorganic failure to thrive.
D) marasmus.

Accepted Answer

Bulous is exhibiting classic symptoms of kwashiorkor, which is caused by a severe lack of protein in the diet. The enlarged belly is due to fluid accumulation in the abdomen, the swollen feet are a result of edema, the skin rash is a sign of skin breakdown, and the thinning hair is a symptom of malnutrition. Iron-deficiency anemia is caused by a lack of iron, not protein. Nonorganic failure to thrive is a condition where a child fails to gain weight and grow normally despite having no underlying medical condition, which is not the case with Bulous. Marasmus is a condition that results from a severe lack of both protein and calories, but Bulous's symptoms are more indicative of kwashiorkor.

Question 8

The average 2-year-old needs _____ to _____ hours of sleep.
A) 16; 18
B) 14; 15
C) 12; 13
D) 10; 11

Accepted Answer

The answer of The average 2-year-old needs _____ to _____...

Question 9

Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-expectant brain growth?
A) coloring a picture
B) playing peekaboo
C) learning to ride a bike
D) playing the piano

Accepted Answer

Experience-expectant brain growth refers to the development of neural connections that are universal across cultures and organisms. Activities such as playing peekaboo, which involve social interaction and perceptual learning, are associated with experience-expectant brain growth because they are experiences that are common to all developing infants. In contrast, activities such as coloring a picture, learning to ride a bike, and playing the piano are more specific to individual experiences and therefore associated with experience-dependent brain growth.

Question 10

Experience-dependent brain growth
A) takes place through naturally occurring interactions with caregivers.
B) provides a foundation for later-occurring, experience-expectant development.
C) depends on ordinary experiences, such as moving about and exploring the environment.
D) relies on specific learning experiences that differ widely across individuals.

Accepted Answer

Experience-dependent brain growth relies on specific learning experiences that are unique to each individual, unlike experience-expectant growth which involves common experiences shared by all humans.

Question 11

Cross-cultural research shows that cosleeping
A) is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world's population.
B) is uncommon in U.S. ethnic minority families.
C) babies breastfeed for shorter time periods than independent sleepers.
D) children are at risk for later social problems, especially dependency.

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research shows that cosleeping is the norm for approximately 90 percent of the world's population.

Question 12

Between ages _____ and _____, napping subsides.
A) 1; 3
B) 2; 4
C) 3; 5
D) 4; 6

Accepted Answer

According to research, napping subsides between the ages of 3 and 5. Therefore, choice C (3; 5) is the most accurate answer.

Question 13

In cultures where parent-child cosleeping is widespread,
A) the rate infant mortality from SIDS is high.
B) parents and infants usually sleep on soft mattresses.
C) infants often sleep in a cradle or hammock next to the parents' bed.
D) infants tend to lie on their stomach or side facing the mother.

Accepted Answer

In cultures where parent-child cosleeping is widespread, infants often sleep in a cradle or hammock next to the parents' bed to ensure close proximity to the parents while also maintaining a safe sleeping environment. This helps to reduce the risk of SIDS, making choice A incorrect. Soft mattresses increase the risk of suffocation and are therefore not commonly used, making choice B incorrect. Infants are typically placed on their back to sleep in these cultures, facing the parents and not lying on their stomach or side, making choice D incorrect.

Question 14

Garrett, 2 months, is an enthusiastic eater who nurses vigorously and gains weight quickly. Garrett's mom, Christine, is concerned that Garrett might be at risk of being permanently overweight. You can advise Christine that
A) most chubby babies will continue to gain weight during toddlerhood and the preschool years.
B) there is no evidence that rapid weight gain in infancy is related to later obesity.
C) she should start supplementing Garrett's diet with cereal.
D) breastfeeding for the first six months is associated with a leaner body build through early childhood.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that breastfeeding for the first six months is associated with a leaner body build through early childhood. Therefore, it is recommended that Christine continues to breastfeed Garrett exclusively for the first six months before introducing any solid foods. There is no evidence that rapid weight gain in infancy leads to later obesity, so Christine should not be overly concerned about this at this point. Additionally, supplementing Garrett's diet with cereal is not recommended until around six months.

Question 15

Zahara, age 3 months, is painfully thin. Her mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and the supply of formula is inadequate for bottle-feeding. Zahara is probably in danger of dying from
A) marasmus.
B) growth faltering.
C) kwashiorkor.
D) nonorganic failure to thrive.

Accepted Answer

Zahara's condition is consistent with marasmus, which is a severe form of malnutrition characterized by a wasting of body tissues and organs due to inadequate calorie and protein intake. The lack of adequate nutrition can lead to a weakened immune system, making the body susceptible to diseases and infections that can be fatal.

Question 16

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age ___, with solid foods added at ____.
A) 3 months; 4 months
B) 6 months; 6 months
C) 1 year; 4 months
D) 2 years; 6 months

Accepted Answer

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age 2, with solid foods added at 6 months.

Question 17

Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-dependent brain growth?
A) writing a poem
B) singing a song
C) imitating facial expressions
D) playing peekaboo

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is an activity...

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true about breastfeeding?
A) Human milk is lower in fat and higher in protein than the milk of other mammals.
B) A mother who breastfeeds needs to add solid foods to her infant's diet around 4 months.
C) Breastfed babies suffer from more gastrointestinal problems than bottle-fed infants.
D) Breastfed infants generally accept new solid foods more easily than bottle-fed infants.

Accepted Answer

Breastfed infants are often exposed to a variety of flavors through breast milk, which can make them more accepting of new solid foods when introduced.

Question 19

The American Academy of Pediatrics issued a controversial warning that parent-infant bedsharing may increase the risk of
A) excessive dependency.
B) SIDS.
C) suffocation.
D) adjustment problems.

Accepted Answer

SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) is a leading cause of death in infants under one year of age. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that infants sleep in their own cribs or bassinets, on their backs, and in a smoke-free environment. Bedsharing has been linked to an increased risk of SIDS, as it can increase the risk of suffocation, overheating, and entrapment.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true regarding breastfeeding?
A) Breastfeeding should be combined with formula for a balanced diet.
B) Breastfeeding helps increase spacing among siblings.
C) Breastfeeding has become less common in industrialized nations.
D) Breastfeeding is a reliable method of birth control.

Accepted Answer

Breastfeeding can help increase spacing among siblings because it can delay the return of fertility postpartum, although it is not a completely reliable method of birth control.

Quiz 5: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions of the world

In the United States,

Pound for pound, a young infant's energy needs are at least __ times those of an adult.

One possible explanation for the high frequency of bedtime struggles in American homes is that American children

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises

As long as negative environmental influences such as poor nutrition or illness are not severe,

Bulous is 20 months old and was recently weaned. He has an unbalanced diet very low in protein. Bulous has an enlarged belly, swollen feet, a skin rash, and thinning hair. Bulous most likely has

The average 2-year-old needs _ to _ hours of sleep.

Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-expectant brain growth?

Experience-dependent brain growth

Cross-cultural research shows that cosleeping

Between ages _ and _, napping subsides.

In cultures where parent-child cosleeping is widespread,

Garrett, 2 months, is an enthusiastic eater who nurses vigorously and gains weight quickly. Garrett's mom, Christine, is concerned that Garrett might be at risk of being permanently overweight. You can advise Christine that

Zahara, age 3 months, is painfully thin. Her mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and the supply of formula is inadequate for bottle-feeding. Zahara is probably in danger of dying from

The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age _, with solid foods added at __.

Which of the following is an activity associated with experience-dependent brain growth?

Which of the following statements is true about breastfeeding?

The American Academy of Pediatrics issued a controversial warning that parent-infant bedsharing may increase the risk of

Which of the following statements is true regarding breastfeeding?