Question 1

The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

The lateral prefrontal cortex has been consistently shown to be important for working memory tasks in numerous studies.

Question 2

Prefrontal areas likely are a temporary repository for representations accessed from other neural sites.

Accepted Answer

Studies suggest that prefrontal areas are involved in integrating and manipulating diverse information accessed from other neural sites, and maintaining it in a temporarily accessible state. This temporary storage allows the prefrontal cortex to hold relevant information needed for a task and then update it as new information becomes available.

Question 3

The n-back task requires maintenance but not manipulation of information in working memory.

Accepted Answer

The n-back task requires both maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory, as participants must continuously update and compare current stimuli with those presented n steps earlier.

Question 4

Knowledge about the context in which previous learning took place is referred to as recency memory.

Accepted Answer

Recency memory refers to the ability to recall recently learned information, not knowledge about the context in which previous learning took place.

Question 5

Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as stimulus-driven.

Accepted Answer

Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as goal-directed, not stimulus-driven.

Question 6

In general,increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT
A)the task requires planning and decision making.
B)the task involves well-learned or automatic responses.
C)the task is likely to require error correction.
D)the task requires a response that competes with another strong habitual response.

Accepted Answer

Increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex is not typically associated with tasks that involve well-learned or automatic responses. This area of the brain is more commonly activated during tasks that require higher levels of cognitive control and monitoring, such as planning, decision making, error correction, and response inhibition in the presence of competing habitual responses.

Question 7

People with frontal lobe lesions are often impaired in organizing and segregating events in memory.

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobes are important in executive functioning, which includes the ability to organize and segregate events in memory. Lesions to this area can result in impairment in these abilities.

Question 8

At any given time,many different schema control units may be activated.However,we can rarely carry out more than one unit at a time and must select the most appropriate one to translate into action.The units are mutually inhibitory,and only the most activated one wins the competition for expression.This type of selection mechanism is called
A)the supervisory attentional system.
B)contention scheduling.
C)the somatic marker hypothesis.
D)utilization behavior.

Accepted Answer

The scenario described in the question is an example of contention scheduling, which involves multiple schema control units competing for expression and the most activated one inhibiting others from being expressed. The supervisory attentional system is a related concept that involves selecting and prioritizing among multiple tasks, but it is not specifically related to schema activation. The somatic marker hypothesis and utilization behavior are not directly related to the scenario described in the question.

Question 9

Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex?
A)A waiter walks over to your table at a restaurant and holds an open menu in front of you.
B)You walk into the elevator of your apartment building and press the button for your floor.
C)You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat.
D)A good friend asks you to remind him of your telephone number.

Accepted Answer

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is associated with conflict detection and resolution, as well as social pain and emotion regulation. In the given options, finding someone in your usual seat in a classroom can be a social conflict, which could engage the ACC.

Question 10

The key function of the inferior temporal lobe is to evaluate response conflict.

Accepted Answer

The key function of the inferior temporal lobe is related to visual processing and object recognition, not response conflict evaluation.

Question 11

For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response,this type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action.
A)The somatic marker hypothesis
B)Utilization behavior
C)The supervisory attentional system
D)Source encoding

Accepted Answer

The supervisory attentional system is responsible for selecting the appropriate schema control unit when there is no routine procedure available. It is a top-down attentional control mechanism that can direct attention to important stimuli and override automatic responses. Option A is incorrect because the somatic marker hypothesis is a theory of how emotions influence decision-making. Option B is incorrect because utilization behavior refers to a behavior in which an object or stimulus in the environment triggers an automatic response, without conscious awareness or control. Option D is incorrect because source encoding refers to the process of encoding the source of information within memory.

Question 12

Although the prefrontal cortex is not essential for working memory,it is particularly important for the storage of associative knowledge.

Accepted Answer

The prefrontal cortex is essential for the higher-order functions of working memory, particularly in the manipulation and organization of information, rather than just for the storage of associative knowledge.

Question 13

The supervisory attentional system is probably localized to this region of the brain.
A)The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)The anterior cingulate gyrus
C)The medial temporal lobe
D)The ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Accepted Answer

The answer of The supervisory attentional system is probably localized...

Question 14

Schema control units are
A)mental representations of semantic networks.
B)stored autobiographical information.
C)stored information about the temporal order of events.
D)mental representations of possible responses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Schema control units are
A)mental representations of semantic...

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a situation that you would expect to engage the supervisory attentional system?
A)One that engages a specific schema control unit
B)One that requires planning or decision making
C)One that requires error detection
D)One that is difficult

Accepted Answer

Situations that engage a specific schema control unit are automated processes that do not require the involvement of the supervisory attentional system. The supervisory attentional system is involved in situations that require conscious effort and control, such as planning, decision making, error detection, and difficult tasks.

Question 16

The supervisory attentional system,which seems to be localized to the ________ in the brain,becomes active during the Stroop task because this task requires ________.
A)orbitofrontal cortex / a response (perceiving color)that competes with a strong habitual response (reading)
B)orbitofrontal cortex / a response (reading)that competes with a strong habitual response (perceiving color)
C)anterior cingulate cortex / a response (reading)that competes with a strong habitual response (perceiving color)
D)anterior cingulate cortex / a response (perceiving color)that competes with a strong habitual response (reading)

Accepted Answer

The anterior cingulate cortex is involved in tasks that require attention and conflict resolution, such as the Stroop task, where perceiving color competes with the habitual response of reading.

Question 17

The error-related negativity (ERN)has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that the ERN is generated in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of the brain.

Question 18

An experiment that requires participants to respond based on one goal,such as naming digits,on some trials and another goal,such as naming letters,on other trials is an example of a(n)________ paradigm.
A)error-monitoring
B)task-switching
C)Stroop
D)contention-scheduling

Accepted Answer

This experiment requires participants to switch between naming digits and naming letters, which is an example of task-switching. The other answer options mentioned are different paradigms. The error-monitoring paradigm involves detecting and responding to errors, the Stroop paradigm involves interference between two conflicting stimuli, and contention-scheduling involves assigning priorities to different tasks.

Question 19

In a stop-signal task,participants are asked to
A)choose between two responses but abort their response when signaled to do so.
B)identify the color (red,yellow,or green)in which color words have been written.
C)sort cards into piles but change the sorting rule when the stop signal appears.
D)drive a virtual car through crowded London streets,obeying all traffic signals.

Accepted Answer

A stop-signal task involves participants being asked to perform a particular action (in this case, choosing between two responses) but then being signaled to abort that action. This allows for the measurement of inhibitory control and response inhibition. Options B, C, and D do not involve this type of task.

Question 20

Dynamic filtering is one view of the prefrontal cortex,in which this area is a repository of representations and selects information most relevant to the current task.

Accepted Answer

Dynamic filtering theory suggests that the prefrontal cortex holds a variety of representations and selects the most relevant information based on the current task or goal.

Quiz 13: Cognitive Control

The lateral prefrontal cortex is important for working memory tasks.

Prefrontal areas likely are a temporary repository for representations accessed from other neural sites.

The n-back task requires maintenance but not manipulation of information in working memory.

Knowledge about the context in which previous learning took place is referred to as recency memory.

Appropriate goal-oriented behavior is typically described as stimulus-driven.

In general,increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex has been observed when participants perform tasks that have any of the following properties EXCEPT

People with frontal lobe lesions are often impaired in organizing and segregating events in memory.

Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex?

The key function of the inferior temporal lobe is to evaluate response conflict.

For situations in which no routine procedure can be used to generate an appropriate response,this type of mechanism is used to select the best schema control unit for translation into action.

Although the prefrontal cortex is not essential for working memory,it is particularly important for the storage of associative knowledge.

The supervisory attentional system is probably localized to this region of the brain.

Schema control units are

Which of the following is NOT a situation that you would expect to engage the supervisory attentional system?

The supervisory attentional system,which seems to be localized to the in the brain,becomes active during the Stroop task because this task requires .

The error-related negativity (ERN)has been localized to the anterior cingulate cortex.

An experiment that requires participants to respond based on one goal,such as naming digits,on some trials and another goal,such as naming letters,on other trials is an example of a(n) ________ paradigm.

In a stop-signal task,participants are asked to

Dynamic filtering is one view of the prefrontal cortex,in which this area is a repository of representations and selects information most relevant to the current task.