Question 1

Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories?
A)The hypothalamus
B)The colliculus
C)The hippocampus
D)The caudate

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is a brain structure located in the medial temporal lobe and plays a crucial role in the formation of new long-term memories. It is responsible for consolidating and storing information from short-term memory into long-term memory. Damage to the hippocampus can lead to severe memory impairments, including the inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia).

Question 2

________ does NOT affect behavior consciously and can be measured only indirectly.
A)Nondeclarative memory
B)Declarative memory
C)Episodic memory
D)Explicit memory

Accepted Answer

Nondeclarative memory is unconscious and involves learning skills and habits that are not easily articulated or explained. This type of memory affects behavior but is measured indirectly, for example, by observing improvements in performance of a motor task over time. Declarative memory, on the other hand, involves conscious recollection of facts and events, and can be measured directly through verbal or written responses. Episodic memory is a type of declarative memory that involves memory for specific events or experiences, and explicit memory refers to memories that can be consciously recalled and articulated.

Question 3

Chronic alcohol abuse,coupled with a vitamin-deficient diet,will likely damage what portion of the brain?
A)The pituitary
B)The hippocampus
C)The mammillary bodies
D)The basal ganglia

Accepted Answer

Chronic alcohol abuse with a vitamin-deficient diet, particularly thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which primarily affects the mammillary bodies in the brain.

Question 4

Patient H.M.is to the ________ as patients with Korsakoff's syndrome are to the ________.
A)medial temporal lobes / cerebellum
B)cerebellum / diencephalon
C)diencephalon / medial temporal lobes
D)medial temporal lobes / diencephalon

Accepted Answer

Patient H.M. had bilateral surgical removal of his medial temporal lobes, whereas patients with Korsakoff's syndrome typically have damage to the diencephalon, specifically the thalamus and hypothalamus. Therefore, the best choice is D, with Patient H.M. being associated with the medial temporal lobes and patients with Korsakoff's syndrome being associated with the diencephalon.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like Patients H.M.and R.B. )or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff's syndrome)?
A)They forget their dates of birth.
B)They can still learn new skills such as the serial reaction time task after the injury.
C)They remember meeting new people after the injury.
D)They have good memory for learning facts after the injury but fail to show priming effects.

Accepted Answer

Patients with bilateral hippocampal damage or diencephalon injury typically have anterograde amnesia, which means they have difficulty forming new memories after the injury. However, they can still learn new skills such as the serial reaction time task, indicating intact procedural memory. They may have difficulty remembering meeting new people and their dates of birth, and they may show impaired priming effects.

Question 6

After suffering a severe head injury,a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia.She
A)has trouble remembering events that occurred before the injury.
B)cannot remember events that occurred after the injury.
C)has equal difficulty remembering events that occurred before and after her injury.
D)has normal long-term memory but impaired working memory.

Accepted Answer

Anterograde amnesia refers to an inability to form new memories after a brain injury. Therefore, the patient in question would have difficulty remembering events that occurred after the injury. Option A is incorrect because difficulty remembering events that occurred before the injury is indicative of retrograde amnesia. Option C is incorrect because the patient's amnesia is denser for events after the injury. Option D is incorrect because working memory is not affected by this type of amnesia.

Question 7

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain,but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge.Her ________ memory is accurate,but her ________ memory is incomplete.
A)semantic / episodic
B)nonassociative / semantic
C)episodic / implicit
D)explicit / implicit

Accepted Answer

Barbara's memory of Madrid being the capital of Spain is a fact that falls under semantic memory, which is responsible for our general knowledge and facts. On the other hand, her incomplete memory suggests a lack of information about the specific time and place she acquired this knowledge, which falls under episodic memory, responsible for personal experiences and events. Therefore, the best answer is A) semantic / episodic.

Question 8

________ is the improvement in processing a stimulus as the result of previously having been exposed to that stimulus.
A)Nonassociative learning
B)Procedural learning
C)Priming
D)Conditioning

Accepted Answer

Priming is the improvement in processing a stimulus as the result of previously having been exposed to that stimulus. Nonassociative learning refers to changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimulus. Procedural learning refers to the development of skills through practice. Conditioning is the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

Question 9

A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the treatment of epilepsy suggested that
A)the removal of either the right or the left medial temporal lobe results in profound amnesia.
B)greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the left medial temporal lobe.
C)greater amnesia is associated with the removal of the right medial temporal lobe.
D)profound amnesia is associated only with bilateral medial temporal lobe removal.

Accepted Answer

The study, most famously involving patient H.M., showed that profound amnesia occurred only after the removal of both sides of the medial temporal lobes, highlighting the critical role of these structures in memory formation.

Question 10

How are the cognitive (memory)deficits suffered both by Patient H.M.and by people with Korsakoff's syndrome similar?
A)Both suffer from severe retrograde amnesia but not anterograde amnesia.
B)Both suffer from severe anterograde amnesia that is limited to declarative memory.
C)Both suffer from severe working memory deficits.
D)Both suffer from brain damage related to severe epilepsy.

Accepted Answer

Both Patient H.M. and people with Korsakoff's syndrome suffer from severe anterograde amnesia, meaning they have difficulty forming new long-term memories. Additionally, this deficit is limited to declarative memory, which is the type of memory for facts and events. They are still able to form procedural memories, such as how to ride a bike or tie their shoes.

Question 11

Following a case of encephalitis,a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes,but his medial temporal structures are intact.Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person?
A)The person has isolated anterograde amnesia.
B)The person has isolated retrograde amnesia.
C)The person has Korsakoff's syndrome.
D)The person has a specific deficit of implicit memory.

Accepted Answer

Lesions in the anterior temporal lobes can lead to issues with processing and retrieving past memories, which is characteristic of retrograde amnesia. This condition affects the ability to recall information that was learned before the onset of amnesia. Since the medial temporal structures, which are crucial for the formation of new memories, are intact, anterograde amnesia (difficulty forming new memories) is less likely. Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency, not specifically with anterior temporal lobe damage. Implicit memory, which involves unconscious memory like skills and conditioned responses, is not typically affected by anterior temporal lobe damage.

Question 12

After a brain injury,a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia.Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?
A)The medial temporal lobes
B)The anterior temporal lobes
C)The superior parietal lobes
D)The dorsolateral frontal lobes

Accepted Answer

The anterior temporal lobes are associated with the storage of long-term memories, and damage to this area can lead to retrograde amnesia, where past memories are lost.

Question 13

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because
A)most skills and habits acquired before injury of these structures will remain intact.
B)only priming and conditioning show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
C)only nonassociative learning and priming show signs of impairment following damage to these structures.
D)most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury of these structures will remain intact.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that most episodic and semantic memories acquired before injury of the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon remain intact, suggesting that these structures are not the storage sites for long-term memories. However, these structures appear to be important in consolidating explicit long-term memories, as their damage can impair the formation of new long-term memories. Skills and habits are primarily stored in other parts of the brain and are not affected by damage to these structures. Priming and conditioning may also be affected, but to a lesser extent than explicit long-term memories. Non-associative learning and priming may show impairment following damage to these structures, but this is not the only type of memory affected.

Question 14

Which of the following would be the MOST difficult for the famous Patient H.M.and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal?
A)Reading a string of numbers written on a piece of paper
B)Remembering a series of seven numbers for 20 seconds
C)Learning the words for numbers in a foreign language
D)Improving in the ability to write numbers with the nondominant hand

Accepted Answer

Patients with medial temporal lobe removal, like H.M., have difficulty forming new explicit memories, such as learning new vocabulary in a foreign language.

Question 15

_____________ refers to memory about the context (such as time or place)in which a fact was learned.
A)Implicit memory
B)Semantic memory
C)Nonassociative learning
D)Source memory

Accepted Answer

Source memory refers to remembering the context (such as time or place) in which a fact or information was learned. Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic retention of information, while semantic memory refers to memory for general knowledge and facts. Nonassociative learning refers to learning that does not involve the association of different stimuli or events.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?
A)Cingulate
B)Entorhinal
C)Parahippocampal
D)Perirhinal

Accepted Answer

The cingulate is not part of the medial temporal lobe cortex. However, the entorhinal, parahippocampal, and perirhinal cortex all interact with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories.

Question 17

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives.This is an example of
A)anterograde aphasia.
B)retrograde aphasia.
C)anterograde amnesia.
D)retrograde amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories from the past, including personal information such as name and address. Therefore, the favorite cartoon character's inability to recall his name or where he lives is an example of retrograde amnesia. Anterograde aphasia is the loss of ability to create new memories, while anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia.

Question 18

The memory performance of Patients K.F.and E.E. ,when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia,such as Patient H.M,demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory.Which of the following statements best describes these results?
A)H.M.has a deficit limited to explicit memory,whereas K.F.and E.E.have deficits limited to implicit memory.
B)H.M.has a deficit limited to long-term memory,whereas K.F.and E.E.have deficits limited to short-term memory.
C)H.M.has anterograde amnesia,whereas K.F.and E.E.have retrograde amnesia.
D)H.M.has an injury to the medial temporal lobes,whereas K.F.and E.E.have injuries to the lateral temporal lobes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The memory performance of Patients K.F.and E.E....

Question 19

Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of ________ memory.
A)priming
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)nondeclarative

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli and responses, which is a type of nondeclarative or implicit memory. Nondeclarative memory is unconscious and typically involves learning skills or associations without conscious awareness. Priming, semantic, and episodic memory are all types of declarative or explicit memory, which involves conscious recall of facts, events, and personal experiences.

Question 20

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage,disease,or psychological trauma are known collectively as
A)aphasia.
B)agnosia.
C)anomia.
D)amnesia.

Accepted Answer

Deficits in memory as a result of brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma are collectively known as amnesia. Aphasia refers to a language impairment, agnosia refers to a difficulty recognizing and identifying objects or people, and anomia refers to the inability to retrieve words from long-term memory.

Quiz 8: Learning and Memory

Which brain structure is located in the medial temporal lobe and is of particular importance in the formation of new long-term memories?

________ does NOT affect behavior consciously and can be measured only indirectly.

Chronic alcohol abuse,coupled with a vitamin-deficient diet,will likely damage what portion of the brain?

Patient H.M.is to the as patients with Korsakoff's syndrome are to the .

Which of the following statements is true of the kind of amnesia demonstrated by people with bilateral hippocampal damage (like Patients H.M.and R.B. ) or people with diencephalon injury (like people with Korsakoff's syndrome) ?

After suffering a severe head injury,a patient demonstrates a dense anterograde amnesia.She

Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain,but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge.Her memory is accurate,but her memory is incomplete.

________ is the improvement in processing a stimulus as the result of previously having been exposed to that stimulus.

A 1957 study of patients who had undergone removal of the medial temporal lobe for the treatment of epilepsy suggested that

How are the cognitive (memory) deficits suffered both by Patient H.M.and by people with Korsakoff's syndrome similar?

Following a case of encephalitis,a person has developed lesions in his anterior temporal lobes,but his medial temporal structures are intact.Which of the following is most likely to be true of this person?

After a brain injury,a person is found to have isolated retrograde amnesia.Which of the following brain regions is probably damaged?

It appears that the medial temporal lobes and the diencephalon are important in consolidating explicit long-term memories but are not themselves the storage sites for this knowledge because

Which of the following would be the MOST difficult for the famous Patient H.M.and other patients with medial temporal lobe removal?

_____________ refers to memory about the context (such as time or place) in which a fact was learned.

Which of the following is NOT an area of cortex in the medial temporal lobe that interacts with the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories?

Your favorite cartoon character has been struck over the head and can no longer remember his name or where he lives.This is an example of

The memory performance of Patients K.F.and E.E. ,when compared to the memory performance of people with amnesia,such as Patient H.M,demonstrates a double dissociation between two types of memory.Which of the following statements best describes these results?

Classical conditioning is an example of a specific type of ________ memory.

Deficits in memory as a function of brain damage,disease,or psychological trauma are known collectively as