Question 1

All of the structures listed here are major components of the basal ganglia EXCEPT the
A)globus pallidus.
B)amygdala.
C)caudate nucleus.
D)putamen.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is not considered part of the basal ganglia, although it is involved in emotion and motivation. The other structures listed, including the globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen, are all major components of the basal ganglia.

Question 2

The primary auditory cortex is organized using a tonotopic map,which means that there is an orderly representation of
A)loudness.
B)frequency.
C)duration.
D)spatial location.

Accepted Answer

The tonotopic map organizes the primary auditory cortex by frequency, not loudness, duration, or spatial location.

Question 3

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is produced in the lateral and third ventricles by the
A)dura mater.
B)substantia nigra.
C)globus pallidus.
D)choroid plexus.

Accepted Answer

CSF is produced by the choroid plexus, which is a network of blood vessels in the ventricles of the brain. The dura mater, substantia nigra, and globus pallidus are not involved in the production of CSF.

Question 4

Following a focal brain injury,a patient shows great difficulty in discriminating tones that differ in frequency.Which area of the cortex is most likely affected?
A)The superior temporal lobe
B)The inferior temporal lobe
C)The anterior parietal lobe
D)The posterior parietal lobe

Accepted Answer

The superior temporal lobe is responsible for auditory processing and discrimination of different frequencies, so damage to this area would result in difficulty discriminating tones that differ in frequency. The inferior temporal lobe is involved in visual processing, while the parietal lobes are involved in spatial and sensory processing.

Question 5

Injury to the hypothalamus would most likely interfere with
A)hormone regulation.
B)motor control.
C)memory.
D)olfactory sensation.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in the regulation of many hormones such as growth hormone and sex hormones. Damage to the hypothalamus can disrupt this delicate balance and result in hormonal imbalances. Injury to the hypothalamus is not likely to directly affect motor control, memory, or olfactory sensation.

Question 6

The primary visual cortex,or V1,is located in
A)the striate cortex.
B)Brodmann area 17.
C)the calcarine cortex.
D)all of the above.

Accepted Answer

The primary visual cortex, or V1, is located in all three areas mentioned: the striate cortex, Brodmann area 17, and the calcarine cortex. These descriptions all refer to the same region of the brain, which is responsible for processing visual information from the eyes.

Question 7

A patient reports that she is functionally blind after a focal brain injury,even though her eyes and optic nerves are completely intact.Of the structures listed here,the most probable location for the brain injury is the
A)inferior colliculus.
B)lateral geniculate nucleus.
C)superior temporal lobe.
D)postcentral gyrus.

Accepted Answer

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is a part of the thalamus that acts as a major relay center for visual information received from the retina to the visual cortex. Damage to the LGN can disrupt this pathway, leading to visual deficits despite the eyes and optic nerves being intact.

Question 8

Although the primary somatosensory cortex ultimately processes information about both ________ and ________,information about these two sensations is carried there through separate neural pathways.
A)pain / temperature
B)temperature / touch
C)proprioception / touch
D)proprioception / movement

Accepted Answer

The primary somatosensory cortex processes information about both temperature and touch, but this information is carried through separate neural pathways. Pain and proprioception are also processed in the primary somatosensory cortex but are not part of the separate pathways mentioned in the question.

Question 9

The frontal lobe is ________ to the occipital lobe,whereas the temporal lobe is ________ to the parietal lobe.
A)posterior / superior
B)anterior / inferior
C)superior / caudal
D)inferior / rostral

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobe is anterior (in front of) the occipital lobe, while the temporal lobe is inferior (below) the parietal lobe. Choice A is incorrect because posterior means behind, not in front of. Choice C is incorrect because caudal refers to the tail end of the body, while superior means above. Choice D is incorrect because rostral refers to the nose or front end of the body, while inferior means below.

Question 10

The brainstem includes all of the following components EXCEPT the
A)medulla.
B)midbrain.
C)hypothalamus.
D)pons.

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is not considered part of the brainstem, rather it is located below the thalamus and is part of the diencephalon. The other three structures listed (medulla, midbrain, and pons) are all components of the brainstem.

Question 11

The precentral gyrus is to the postcentral gyrus as the primary ________ cortex is to the primary ________ cortex.
A)somatosensory / auditory
B)auditory / visual
C)visual / motor
D)motor / somatosensory

Accepted Answer

The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex and is responsible for voluntary movement, whereas the postcentral gyrus is the primary somatosensory cortex and processes sensory information from the body. Therefore, the primary somatosensory cortex is to the primary motor cortex as the precentral gyrus is to the postcentral gyrus.

Question 12

The volume of cortex that is not sensory or motor has traditionally been termed ________ cortex.
A)extrastriate
B)cognitive
C)association
D)equipotential

Accepted Answer

The term "association cortex" refers to the regions of the cerebral cortex that are involved in higher cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving. These regions are not involved in primary sensory or motor processing, hence the term "association." "Extrastriate" cortex refers specifically to visual processing areas beyond the primary visual cortex, and "cognitive" and "equipotential" are not commonly used terms to describe cortical regions.

Question 13

As a result of a brain injury to the medial temporal lobes and neighboring subcortical structures,a patient exhibits a number of cognitive and behavioral changes.Of the options here,which is the LEAST likely to be affected?
A)Memory
B)Emotional processing
C)Learning
D)Somatosensation

Accepted Answer

The medial temporal lobes and neighboring subcortical structures are primarily involved in memory, emotional processing, and learning. Somatosensation, which involves the sense of touch, is primarily processed in the parietal lobe and is less likely to be affected by damage to the medial temporal lobes.

Question 14

All of the following terms refer to the same cortical region that processes visual input EXCEPT
A)striate cortex.
B)area V1.
C)Heschl's gyrus.
D)Brodmann area 17.

Accepted Answer

Heschl's gyrus is a region of the brain that is responsible for processing auditory information, not visual information. The other options all refer to the same cortical region that processes visual input.

Question 15

Which of the following functions is NOT mediated primarily by the hypothalamus?
A)Endocrine system regulation
B)Maintenance of homeostatic states in the body
C)Relay of sensory information from the body to the cortex
D)Mediation of emotional processes

Accepted Answer

Relay of sensory information from the body to the cortex is primarily mediated by the thalamus, not the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is responsible for endocrine system regulation, maintenance of homeostatic states in the body, and mediation of emotional processes.

Question 16

The part of the thalamus that is most important in relaying information to the primary visual cortex is the
A)lateral geniculate nucleus.
B)superior colliculus.
C)medial geniculate nucleus.
D)inferior colliculus.

Accepted Answer

The lateral geniculate nucleus is specifically responsible for relaying visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex. The superior colliculus and inferior colliculus are involved in processing auditory and visual information for control of eye movements, while the medial geniculate nucleus is involved in auditory processing.

Question 17

This brain structure is often called the gateway to the cortex because almost all sensory inputs synapse here before continuing to their primary cortical sensory areas.
A)Hypothalamus
B)Hippocampus
C)Thalamus
D)Amygdala

Accepted Answer

The thalamus is responsible for relaying sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex. It receives input from all sensory systems except the olfactory system and serves as a gateway to the cortex for almost all sensory information.

Question 18

As a result of a brain injury to this diencephalic structure,a patient is experiencing disruptions in emotional processing,maintaining homeostasis of bodily states,and endocrine control.
A)Thalamus
B)Hypothalamus
C)Hippocampus
D)Cingulate gyrus

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus is responsible for maintaining homeostasis of bodily states, regulating the endocrine system, and controlling emotional processing. Damage to this area can lead to disruptions in these processes.

Question 19

The neocortex typically contains ________ cortical layers,with ________ typically being the input layer.
A)10 / layer IV
B)10 / layer I
C)6 / layer IV
D)6 / layer I

Accepted Answer

The neocortex typically contains 6 cortical layers, with layer IV typically being the input layer. This is because layer IV receives sensory inputs from the thalamus. The other layers are involved in processing and integrating this sensory information for further output. Option A and B are incorrect because the neocortex typically has 6 layers, not 10, and layer I is not the input layer. Option D is incorrect because while the neocortex has 6 layers, layer I is not typically the input layer.

Question 20

All of the following functions are associated with the limbic system EXCEPT
A)memory.
B)learning.
C)emotion.
D)sleep.

Accepted Answer

Sleep regulation is mainly controlled by the brainstem and hypothalamus, not the limbic system.

Quiz 3: Neuroanatomy and Development

All of the structures listed here are major components of the basal ganglia EXCEPT the

The primary auditory cortex is organized using a tonotopic map,which means that there is an orderly representation of

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the lateral and third ventricles by the

Following a focal brain injury,a patient shows great difficulty in discriminating tones that differ in frequency.Which area of the cortex is most likely affected?

Injury to the hypothalamus would most likely interfere with

The primary visual cortex,or V1,is located in

A patient reports that she is functionally blind after a focal brain injury,even though her eyes and optic nerves are completely intact.Of the structures listed here,the most probable location for the brain injury is the

Although the primary somatosensory cortex ultimately processes information about both and ,information about these two sensations is carried there through separate neural pathways.

The frontal lobe is to the occipital lobe,whereas the temporal lobe is to the parietal lobe.

The brainstem includes all of the following components EXCEPT the

The precentral gyrus is to the postcentral gyrus as the primary cortex is to the primary cortex.

The volume of cortex that is not sensory or motor has traditionally been termed ________ cortex.

As a result of a brain injury to the medial temporal lobes and neighboring subcortical structures,a patient exhibits a number of cognitive and behavioral changes.Of the options here,which is the LEAST likely to be affected?

All of the following terms refer to the same cortical region that processes visual input EXCEPT

Which of the following functions is NOT mediated primarily by the hypothalamus?

The part of the thalamus that is most important in relaying information to the primary visual cortex is the

This brain structure is often called the gateway to the cortex because almost all sensory inputs synapse here before continuing to their primary cortical sensory areas.

As a result of a brain injury to this diencephalic structure,a patient is experiencing disruptions in emotional processing,maintaining homeostasis of bodily states,and endocrine control.

The neocortex typically contains cortical layers,with typically being the input layer.

All of the following functions are associated with the limbic system EXCEPT