Question 1

On your first day of class you consult your map and navigate to the classroom using ___.

Accepted Answer

Navigating to the classroom involves temporarily storing information about the map and using it to guide your movements, which is a function of working memory. Long-term memory and motor memory may come into play if you have previously learned the route to the classroom or if you repeat the same route frequently, but they are not necessary for finding the classroom on your first day of class.

Question 2

Using classical conditioning to pair a loud boat horn with presenting a blue slide,researchers found that with:

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is known to be involved in fear conditioning, and the loud boat horn would likely be associated with fear. Even without the ability to verbalize what was learned, the subjects would still show physical signs of fear when presented with the blue slide, indicating that learning had occurred. Hippocampus damage, on the other hand, would impair the ability to form new memories, so learning would not occur in this case, and even if the subjects could describe the procedure, they would not be able to remember it.

Question 3

On your last day of class you navigate to the classroom mostly using:

Accepted Answer

Navigating to a familiar location like a classroom on the last day typically relies on long-term memory, as the route has been learned and stored over time.

Question 4

The amygdala contributes to learning by strengthening declarative memories about emotional events involving:

Accepted Answer

The amygdala plays a crucial role in processing emotions and is involved in enhancing the consolidation of memories that have an emotional component, regardless of whether these emotions are positive, negative, or related to surprising events.

Question 5

It has been found that:

Accepted Answer

All of the options mentioned are true according to current scientific understanding. Language memory is known to be stored near Broca's area in the left hemisphere of the brain. Identifying pictures of hand tools has been linked to memories stored in the left temporal lobe (which is involved in visual object recognition) as well as hand motor areas (which are involved in movement planning). Identifying the color of an object requires the brain to process color information, which is believed to be primarily processed in the temporal lobe. Therefore, all three options are correct and the best choice is D.

Question 6

Working memory is:

Accepted Answer

Working memory is a limited-capacity system that temporarily holds information needed for cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and decision-making. This information may include sensory input, new information, or previously stored information retrieved from long-term memory. It is not the long-term storage itself (option A), sensory filtering (option B), or declarative memory (option D), which refers to the type of long-term memory that stores explicit information about facts and events.

Question 7

Remembering what dopamine does in the brain is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Declarative memory refers to the conscious memories of facts and events, which can be intentionally recalled. Remembering what dopamine does in the brain requires declarative memory.

Question 8

Both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease produce damage to:

Accepted Answer

Both Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease primarily affect the basal ganglia, which is involved in the formation and retrieval of non-declarative (procedural) memories, such as learning a new skill or habit. They do not typically affect declarative memories, which include facts and events. Therefore, B is the best choice. C and D are specific examples of declarative memories, and A is not accurate as declarative memory is not typically affected by these diseases.

Question 9

The prefrontal area is probably most involved in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The prefrontal area is probably most involved...

Question 10

Rodent water maze studies of the effects of severing the pathway between the CA1 region of the hippocampus and the cortex have led to the conclusion that short-term memory is ___ dependent while long-term memory is dependent on the ___.

Accepted Answer

Rodent water maze studies have shown that short-term memory relies on the hippocampus, while long-term memory depends on the cortex and requires an interaction over time between the hippocampus and the cortex.

Question 11

In declarative and non-declarative learning:

Accepted Answer

Declarative learning involves conscious processing and is associated with the hippocampus and other cortical areas, while non-declarative learning is more automatic and involves the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Hence, different parts of the brain are active for each type of learning.

Question 12

Damage to the hippocampus disrupts:

Accepted Answer

The hippocampus is known to play a key role in declarative memory, which is the type of long-term memory that involves consciously recalling events, facts, and knowledge. Damage to the hippocampus can result in difficulties forming and retrieving new declarative memories. It does not typically affect skills or procedural memory, which involves learning how to do things like riding a bike or tying shoelaces. Emotional learning can involve the hippocampus in some cases, but it is not the primary function of this brain region, and damage to the hippocampus would not be expected to primarily affect emotional learning.

Question 13

In the completion of the delayed-matching-to-sample task:

Accepted Answer

The delayed-matching-to-sample task involves holding a stimulus in working memory for a short period of time and then matching it to a subsequent stimulus. Therefore, intact working memory is necessary for successful completion of the task. Long-term memory and declarative memory may also be involved in the task, but they are not essential for immediate performance.

Question 14

Remembering how to get to class every day although you cannot state the room number or the name of the building is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Remembering how to get to class without explicitly remembering the room number or name of the building is a type of non-declarative memory. This type of memory involves motor skills, habits, and other unconscious forms of learning. Declarative memory, on the other hand, involves conscious recollection of facts and events, such as remembering a phone number or a historical date. Short-term memory refers to the brief storage and retrieval of information, while dendritic memory is not a recognized term in psychology or neuroscience.

Question 15

Despite his amnesia,H.M.demonstrated that he could learn ___.

Accepted Answer

H.M. was unable to form new declarative memories due to his amnesia, but he was able to learn and improve on tasks that required non-declarative memory, such as the mirror-drawing task and the Tower of Hanoi problem. Thus, the correct answer is D, as all of the choices are examples of tasks that H.M. was able to learn despite his amnesia.

Question 16

Without working memory you could not:

Accepted Answer

Working memory is crucial for temporarily holding and processing information, such as recalling and articulating what you did in class today.

Question 17

Working memory is least crucial in:

Accepted Answer

Reading from a postcard requires minimal working memory as the information is usually small and easy to process. Playing chess, performing long division, and carrying on a conversation require more complex information processing, manipulation, and retention, thus relying more heavily on working memory.

Question 18

One type of non-declarative memory is:

Accepted Answer

Non-declarative memory refers to implicit or unconscious memories, and memory for skills is one type of non-declarative memory. Picture memory and memory for facts are types of declarative memory, which refers to conscious or explicit memories. Therefore, the best choice is C, memory for skills.

Question 19

Damage to the striatum disrupts:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Damage to the striatum disrupts:
...

Question 20

Declarative memory is:

Accepted Answer

Declarative memory refers to the memory of facts, events, and other knowledge that can be consciously recalled and stated outright. It is also sometimes referred to as explicit memory. Movement memory, skills memory, and motor memory are all examples of procedural memory, which is a separate type of long-term memory.

Quiz 12: Learning and Memory