Since the writings of Beccaria in the eighteenth century, what has been considered an essential justification for sanctioning and is the philosophical foundation of the criminal justice system?

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Since Beccaria's writings, deterrence has been considered the essential justification for sanctioning and forms the philosophical foundation of the criminal justice system. The idea is that the threat of punishment will deter individuals from committing crimes in the first place, ultimately leading to a safer society. Retribution, rehabilitation, and revenge may also be considered justifications for sanctioning, but they are not the primary justification and do not form the foundation of the criminal justice system.

Since the Writings of Beccaria in the Eighteenth Century, What