Question 1

Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding principles that guide what people should do is part of ________ development.
A) metacognitive
B) cognitive
C) temperament
D) moral

Accepted Answer

Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding principles that guide what people should do is part of moral development.

Question 2

Mazie's mom is loving and nurturing, sets clear boundaries, and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as
A) conventional.
B) authoritative.
C) authoritarian.
D) permissive.

Accepted Answer

Mazie's mom exhibits characteristics of an authoritative parenting style. This style is characterized by being nurturing and loving, setting clear boundaries, and engaging in verbal give and take with their child. This is considered an effective and healthy style of parenting as it promotes independence, self-discipline, and social responsibility in children.

Question 3

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When Gilligan's approach is used, both individuals score at the same level - Stage 6. Based on research reported in your text, what probably caused this discrepancy?
A) On the first test, Carol was having a bad day.
B) Kohlberg's approach is a justice perspective while Gilligan's is a care perspective.
C) The data were contaminated by unknown test conditions.
D) Kohlberg's approach is biased against women and Gilligan's is biased in their favor.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's approach is known to emphasize justice and rights, while Gilligan's approach emphasizes care and relationships. This likely led to the difference in scores, as Carol may have scored lower on Kohlberg's test due to a different emphasis in her moral reasoning. The fact that both individuals scored the same on Gilligan's approach suggests that their reasoning may be more aligned with a care perspective. The other options (A, C, D) do not align with known research on moral reasoning and gender differences.

Question 4

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be
A) more conservative.
B) less educated.
C) more responsive.
D) less trusting.

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parents are known for their responsiveness and willingness to listen and communicate with their children. In contrast, authoritarian parents tend to have a more rigid and controlling approach, with less emphasis on communication and responsiveness. Therefore, C is the most likely choice based on this comparison. A, B, and D are not necessarily true or relevant in this context.

Question 5

Elise demonstrates a parenting style that encourages her children to be independent but still places limits on their behavior. Her parenting style is best described as
A) conventional.
B) authoritarian.
C) permissive.
D) authoritative.

Accepted Answer

Elise's parenting style is described as placing limits on her children's behavior but also encouraging independence, which is consistent with the authoritative parenting style. This style is characterized by setting clear rules and expectations while also being responsive to the child's needs and allowing for autonomy and independence within those boundaries.

Question 6

Ian came home late for curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. What type of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?
A) authoritarian
B) conventional
C) authoritative
D) neglectful

Accepted Answer

Ian's parents did not ask for an explanation or try to understand the reason for his lateness. Instead, they immediately punished him without any discussion or negotiation. This shows a strict and controlling parenting style, which is typical of authoritarian parents.

Question 7

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who
A) are obedient and demonstrate low self-esteem.
B) are socially competent and self-reliant.
C) have high self-esteem but are somewhat dependent.
D) are rebellious and demonstrate low self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Authoritative parents set clear rules and expectations for their children while also being warm and responsive. This parenting style is associated with children who are confident, socially competent, and able to make their own decisions. They are also more likely to be self-reliant and independent. Therefore, option B is the best answer.

Question 8

Jill's parents set very few limits or boundaries for her. They use a(n) ________ parenting style.
A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) permissive

Accepted Answer

The permissive parenting style is characterized by low demand for maturity and self-control, few rules or restrictions on behavior, and a lack of consequences for misbehavior. This style is often associated with parents who are nurturing and accepting but fail to set appropriate limits and boundaries for their children. Jill's parents fall under this parenting style as they have set very few limits or boundaries for her.

Question 9

Parents using the ________ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.
A) authoritative
B) permissive
C) authoritarian
D) conventional

Accepted Answer

The parenting style described is authoritarian, where parents have high control over their children's behavior and make rules without explaining the reasoning behind them. This is in contrast to the authoritative style (A), where parents set rules but also explain the reasoning behind them and allow for discussion and input from their children. Permissive (B) parents have few rules and often do not enforce consequences for breaking them, while conventional (D) parenting is not a recognized parenting style.

Question 10

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals who are willing to risk their lives and freedom for a belief operate on the ________ level of moral development.
A) conventional
B) preconventional
C) postconventional
D) concrete

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Individuals who are willing to risk their lives and freedom for a belief are operating on the postconventional level, which emphasizes the importance of abstract reasoning and universal ethical principles rather than just following laws or societal norms.

Question 11

All of the following are stages in Erikson's theory of development EXCEPT
A) trust vs. mistrust.
B) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C) initiative vs. guilt.
D) growth vs. regression.

Accepted Answer

Erikson's theory of development includes eight stages that occur throughout the lifespan. The options listed in the question are all stages in his theory except for "growth vs. regression," which is not one of the recognized stages.

Question 12

The Eisenbergs want to raise their children to be highly moral individuals. They should provide their children with
A) the freedom to do as they please.
B) consistently strict discipline.
C) information on expected behaviors.
D) rational logic rather than warmth.

Accepted Answer

Providing the children with information on expected behaviors can help them understand what is considered moral and ethical. This can guide their behavior and help them become highly moral individuals. While discipline is important, consistently strict discipline without information on expected behaviors may not be as effective in promoting moral development. Providing rational logic instead of warmth may be seen as cold and not conducive to building a strong emotional bond with their children. Freedom without guidance can lead to confusion and a lack of understanding of what is expected of them.

Question 13

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the ________ level.
A) preconventional
B) heteronomous
C) universal ethical principles
D) conventional

Accepted Answer

The child's reasoning that stealing is acceptable because it is what their friends expect of them shows that they are operating at the conventional level of moral reasoning. At this level, individuals are concerned with fulfilling social roles and following rules to gain social approval.

Question 14

Richie's parents place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They are exhibiting a(n) ________ parenting style.
A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) conventional
D) neglectful

Accepted Answer

A permissive parenting style is characterized by parents who place few demands or controls on their children's behavior. They may avoid setting rules or enforcing consequences, and may be highly accepting and indulgent of their child's desires and whims. This style can lead to children who struggle with self-discipline and may have difficulty with authority figures in the future.

Question 15

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on
A) society's laws.
B) a sense of duty.
C) individual ethical principles.
D) punishments or rewards.

Accepted Answer

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on punishments or rewards. This is the earliest stage of moral development, where young children make decisions based on what will bring them immediate pleasure or avoid immediate punishment. It is only as individuals move on to the conventional and postconventional levels that they begin to consider more abstract concepts like duty, societal laws, and individual ethical principles.

Question 16

If Tony only shares with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the ________ level of moral development.
A) preconventional
B) concrete
C) preoperational
D) conventional

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the preconventional level is characterized by a focus on avoiding punishment and seeking rewards, rather than adhering to social norms or ethical principles. Tony's behavior of sharing only because he is afraid of being punished indicates that he is operating at this level of moral reasoning.

Question 17

According to Kohlberg, which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood?
A) Don't get caught.
B) Don't be a jerk.
C) We all have rights.
D) It's the law.

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's first stage of moral reasoning is the pre-conventional level, in which moral decisions are based on external rewards and punishments. The phrase "Don't get caught" reflects this level of reasoning and is likely to be the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood. The other options reflect more advanced levels of moral reasoning.

Question 18

You would expect an individual at a higher level of moral development to show an increase in concern over
A) understanding rules and laws.
B) the ethics of a person's actions.
C) the consequences of a person's actions.
D) doing what society thinks is right.

Accepted Answer

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals at higher levels of moral development (post-conventional) show an increased concern for ethical principles and values rather than just following rules and laws, doing what society thinks is right or considering solely the consequences of their actions.

Question 19

As the children line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be the line leader. He is most likely receiving ________ parenting.
A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) neglectful
D) permissive

Accepted Answer

Permissive parenting is characterized by a lack of rules and demands, allowing children to make their own decisions, which can lead to behaviors like demanding to be the line leader.

Question 20

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the postconventional level?
A) "What I did was illegal, but it saved somebody's life."
B) "What I did was illegal, but nobody will ever find out."
C) "What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do."
D) "What I did was illegal, but the family of the person I saved offered a huge reward."

Accepted Answer

Postconventional moral reasoning involves decision-making based on abstract ethical principles, such as justice and human rights. Choice C reflects this type of reasoning because it recognizes that being a good person involves doing what is morally right, regardless of the law. The other choices involve more conventional reasoning, such as fear of punishment or desire for personal gain.

Quiz 9: Human Development

Changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding principles that guide what people should do is part of ________ development.

Mazie's mom is loving and nurturing, sets clear boundaries, and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. When Kohlberg's measures are used, Carol gets a lower score than Larry. When Gilligan's approach is used, both individuals score at the same level - Stage 6. Based on research reported in your text, what probably caused this discrepancy?

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

Elise demonstrates a parenting style that encourages her children to be independent but still places limits on their behavior. Her parenting style is best described as

Ian came home late for curfew. Without asking for an explanation, his parents sent him to his room and informed him that he was grounded for a month. What type of parenting did Ian's parents demonstrate?

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who

Jill's parents set very few limits or boundaries for her. They use a(n) ________ parenting style.

Parents using the ________ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals who are willing to risk their lives and freedom for a belief operate on the ________ level of moral development.

All of the following are stages in Erikson's theory of development EXCEPT

The Eisenbergs want to raise their children to be highly moral individuals. They should provide their children with

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the ________ level.

Richie's parents place no demands on him, and they place no rules or restrictions on his behavior. They are exhibiting a(n) ________ parenting style.

At the preconventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on

If Tony only shares with his little sister because he is afraid of being punished, he is reasoning at the ________ level of moral development.

According to Kohlberg, which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood?

You would expect an individual at a higher level of moral development to show an increase in concern over

As the children line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be the line leader. He is most likely receiving ________ parenting.

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the postconventional level?