Question 1

In the diastolic phase,the right side of the heart is filled with:
A) Peripheral venous blood
B) Pulmonary venous blood
C) Peripheral arterial blood
D) Pulmonary arterial blood
E) A mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Accepted Answer

During the diastolic phase, the blood flows from the peripheral veins into the right atrium of the heart. This blood is deoxygenated and contains waste products from the body's tissues. Hence, the right side of the heart is filled with peripheral venous blood.

Question 2

The most common form of arterial hypertension is considered to be:
A) Essential or idiopathic
B) Caused by kidney disease
C) Caused by adrenal cortical hyperactivity
D) Secondary to adrenal medullar tumors
E) Secondary to narrowing of the aorta

Accepted Answer

Essential or idiopathic hypertension refers to high blood pressure that has no identifiable cause. It is the most common form of arterial hypertension, accounting for up to 95% of cases. Other types of hypertension, such as those caused by kidney disease or adrenal disorders, are considered secondary hypertension. Narrowing of the aorta can also lead to high blood pressure, but this is a relatively rare form of hypertension.

Question 3

Which of the following has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?
A) Regular exercise
B) Alcohol
C) Cigarette smoking
D) Aspirin
E) Antihypertensive drugs

Accepted Answer

Cigarette smoking has been shown to increase oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Regular exercise, alcohol (in moderation), aspirin, and antihypertensive drugs have all been associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis.

Question 4

Rheumatic carditis is typically preceded by:
A) Streptococcal throat infection
B) Staphylococcal skin infection
C) Gonococcal arthritis
D) Coxsackie B virus myositis
E) Influenza

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic carditis is typically preceded by a streptococcal throat infection. This is known as acute rheumatic fever, a complication of streptococcal pharyngitis.

Question 5

The medical term for chest pain is:
A) Infarct
B) Ischemia
C) Myocardial infarct
D) Hypertension
E) Angina pectoris

Accepted Answer

Angina pectoris specifically refers to chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. Infarct (A) and myocardial infarct (C) refer to a heart attack, which is a more severe condition than angina. Ischemia (B) refers to insufficient blood flow, which can cause angina but is not specifically the medical term for chest pain. Hypertension (D) refers to high blood pressure and is not directly related to chest pain.

Question 6

Which of the following represent iatrogenic heart lesions?
A) Alcoholic endocarditis
B) Radiation-induced heart attacks
C) Doxorubicin-induced heart attacks
D) Digitalis toxicity
E) Precardiotomy pericarditis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following represent iatrogenic heart...

Question 7

Atherosclerotic aneurysms are most often located in the:
A) Coronary arteries
B) Ascending aorta
C) Thoracic aorta
D) Abdominal aorta
E) Iliac arteries

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic aneurysms are most commonly found in the abdominal aorta. The prevalence is increasing with an ageing population and is more common in men. The other options listed are not typically affected by atherosclerotic aneurysms.

Question 8

What is the most common congenital heart defect recognized in clinical practice?
A) Interatrial septal defect
B) Interventricular septal defect
C) Tetralogy of Fallot
D) Transposition of great vessels
E) Coarctation of the aorta

Accepted Answer

Interventricular septal defect is the most common congenital heart defect recognized in clinical practice, accounting for approximately 30% of cases. It is a hole in the wall separating the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles).

Question 9

Septal defects produce a distinct:
A) Low-pitched systolic heart murmur
B) High-pitched systolic heart murmur
C) Low-pitched diastolic heart murmur
D) High-pitched diastolic heart murmur
E) Absence of sound during the systolic phase of contraction

Accepted Answer

Septal defects, such as atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD), result in abnormal blood flow between the chambers of the heart. This produces a high-pitched systolic heart murmur, as blood rushes through the defect during ventricular contraction.

Question 10

The most common cause of infectious myocarditis in the United States is:
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) Trypanosoma cruzi
C) Coxsackie B virus
D) Treponema pallidum
E) Streptococcus pneumoniae

Accepted Answer

Coxsackie B virus is the most common cause of infectious myocarditis in the United States. While the other choices can also cause myocarditis, they are less common causes in the US.

Question 11

Intermittent claudication is caused by atherosclerosis of the:
A) Carotid artery
B) Subclavian artery
C) Splenic artery
D) Renal artery
E) Popliteal artery

Accepted Answer

Intermittent claudication is a condition where pain is caused by reduced blood flow to the muscles during exercise. The most common cause of intermittent claudication is atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries, particularly the popliteal artery in the lower leg. None of the other arteries listed are associated with this condition.

Question 12

Myocardial infarction is accompanied by typical biochemical changes.Elevation of which enzyme in the blood occurs first after the occlusion of a coronary artery?
A) Alanine aminotransferase
B) Aspartate aminotransferase
C) Creatine kinase
D) Lactate dehydrogenase
E) Acid phosphatase

Accepted Answer

Creatine kinase is the enzyme that is first elevated in the blood after the occlusion of a coronary artery. This is due to the fact that creatine kinase is predominantly found in the heart muscle cells and is released into the bloodstream when the cells are damaged. The other enzymes listed (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and acid phosphatase) may also be elevated in myocardial infarction, but not as early as creatine kinase.

Question 13

The most common complication of rheumatic endocarditis is:
A) Bacterial endocarditis
B) Viral endocarditis
C) Fungal myocarditis
D) Parasitic endocarditis
E) Pulmonary embolism

Accepted Answer

Rheumatic endocarditis is often caused by group A streptococcus bacteria and can lead to bacterial endocarditis as a common complication. Other complications may include heart failure, stroke, and arrhythmias. However, out of the given options, bacterial endocarditis is the most common complication.

Question 14

Which of the following organs helps regulate arterial blood pressure?
A) Kidneys
B) Heart
C) Spleen
D) Liver
E) Brain

Accepted Answer

The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating arterial blood pressure by regulating the amount of sodium and water in the blood through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system affects the diameter of blood vessels and the quantity of fluid in the blood, which can increase or decrease blood pressure.

Question 15

Atherosclerosis of the brain arteries is the most common cause of:
A) Angina pectoris
B) Coronary vascular accidents
C) Cerebrovascular accidents
D) Hypertension
E) Myocardial infarctions

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis of the brain arteries can lead to blockages or narrowing of the arteries, limiting blood flow to the brain and increasing the risk of a cerebrovascular accident (also known as a stroke). Angina pectoris, hypertension, and myocardial infarctions are more commonly associated with atherosclerosis in the heart arteries, while coronary vascular accidents is not a recognized medical term.

Question 16

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between a vein and artery?
A) Veins have thicker walls than arteries.
B) Venous circulation requires high pressure volume for the blood to travel back to the heart.
C) Veins have valves that hinder the backflow of blood.
D) Arteries have valves that hinder the backflow of blood.
E) Arterial circulation does not require high pressure because of the elasticity of blood vessels.

Accepted Answer

Veins have valves that hinder the backflow of blood, whereas arteries do not. This is why venous circulation relies on the contraction of surrounding muscles and the presence of valves to help move blood back to the heart against gravity. Arterial circulation does require high pressure because the heart pumps blood out into the arteries, requiring them to be able to withstand the force of this blood flow. The elasticity of blood vessels helps to regulate this pressure, but it is still higher in arteries compared to veins. The thickness of the walls of veins and arteries can vary depending on their location and function, so A and E are not accurate descriptions of the difference between the two types of blood vessels. Venous circulation does not require high pressure volume, so B is also incorrect.

Question 17

Lymph fluid is different than blood because it contains:
A) Red blood cells and white blood cells
B) Red blood cells and clotting factors
C) Red blood cells only
D) White blood cells only
E) Clotting factors only

Accepted Answer

Lymph fluid contains white blood cells, but not red blood cells or clotting factors.

Question 18

The patient presents with edema in the lower extremities,ascites,dyspnea with activity,and inability to concentrate.You suspect the patient is suffering from:
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Congestive heart failure
C) Ventricular aneurysm
D) Severe hypertension
E) Angina pectoris

Accepted Answer

The symptoms presented are common in congestive heart failure, which is characterized by fluid buildup (edema and ascites), shortness of breath (dyspnea), and decreased mental function (inability to concentrate) due to poor blood flow to the brain. Myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, ventricular aneurysm, and severe hypertension may also present with some of these symptoms, but congestive heart failure is the most likely diagnosis based on the combination of symptoms presented.

Question 19

Infarction of the posterior half of the interventricular septum is caused by an occlusion of the:
A) Main trunk of the left coronary artery
B) Anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery
C) Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery
D) Right coronary artery
E) Coronary sinus

Accepted Answer

The posterior half of the interventricular septum is typically supplied by the posterior descending artery, which in most individuals (about 70-80%) is a branch of the right coronary artery. Occlusion of the right coronary artery can therefore lead to infarction of this area.

Question 20

Atherosclerotic narrowing of which artery causes hypertension?
A) Middle cerebral artery
B) Anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery
C) Right coronary artery
D) Renal artery
E) Femoral artery

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic narrowing of the renal artery can cause hypertension as it can decrease blood flow to the kidneys, leading to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and subsequent increased blood pressure. Narrowing of the other arteries listed may cause other symptoms such as stroke or heart attack, but not hypertension specifically.

Quiz 7: The Cardiovascular System

In the diastolic phase,the right side of the heart is filled with:

The most common form of arterial hypertension is considered to be:

Which of the following has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?

Rheumatic carditis is typically preceded by:

The medical term for chest pain is:

Which of the following represent iatrogenic heart lesions?

Atherosclerotic aneurysms are most often located in the:

What is the most common congenital heart defect recognized in clinical practice?

Septal defects produce a distinct:

The most common cause of infectious myocarditis in the United States is:

Intermittent claudication is caused by atherosclerosis of the:

Myocardial infarction is accompanied by typical biochemical changes.Elevation of which enzyme in the blood occurs first after the occlusion of a coronary artery?

The most common complication of rheumatic endocarditis is:

Which of the following organs helps regulate arterial blood pressure?

Atherosclerosis of the brain arteries is the most common cause of:

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between a vein and artery?

Lymph fluid is different than blood because it contains:

The patient presents with edema in the lower extremities,ascites,dyspnea with activity,and inability to concentrate.You suspect the patient is suffering from:

Infarction of the posterior half of the interventricular septum is caused by an occlusion of the:

Atherosclerotic narrowing of which artery causes hypertension?