Question 1

Which of the following is not an advantage of positive sanctions?

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Which of the following best represents the definition of public criminology?

Accepted Answer

Public criminology is a movement that calls for criminologists to engage with and address public policy concerns related to crime, justice, and social control. It seeks to make criminological knowledge accessible and relevant to a wider public audience beyond academia. Appearing on television or radio shows may be a way to engage with the public, but it is not the defining feature of public criminology. Similarly, narrow research of interest to other criminologists does not necessarily engage with public policy concerns.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about the use of the criminal law to respond to white collar crime is true?

Accepted Answer

The statement that the criminal law is the most effective form of response to white collar crime does not have uniform agreement, therefore A is not true. Although the criminal law was originally developed to deal with organizations, it has been applied less widely from the 1970s on, so B is incorrect. D is the correct answer because there has been criticism of the use of criminal law to respond to white collar crime, with some arguing that it is not an appropriate or effective response.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of business ethics courses, and business ethics within the business world?

Accepted Answer

Business ethics courses and business ethics as a concept can have limited positive effects, such as promoting awareness and stimulating discussion, but often do not fundamentally change business conduct. However, they can also have negative effects, such as creating a false sense of ethical superiority without actually changing behavior. Overall, the impact of business ethics on business conduct is complex and context-dependent.

Question 5

Which of the following arguments has not been made in favor of moral appeals to promote taxpayer compliance?

Accepted Answer

The argument that moral appeals are demonstrably more effective in all cases has not been made in favor of promoting taxpayer compliance. While moral appeals may be effective in some cases, their effectiveness depends on a variety of factors such as the target audience, the message being conveyed, and the context in which the appeal is made. Therefore, it cannot be argued that they are demonstrably more effective in all cases.

Question 6

In the second half of the 20th century, class action lawsuits:

Accepted Answer

Class action lawsuits were permitted in certain cases and have become a significant device for responding to some white collar crimes in the second half of the 20th century. This is evident from the fact that several high-profile cases involving financial fraud and other white collar crimes have been resolved through class action lawsuits. However, it is important to note that the significance of this device may vary depending on the nature and complexity of the crime, and the legal and regulatory environment in which it is being pursued.

Question 7

With regard to the deterrence of crimes of corporations:

Accepted Answer

There is ongoing debate among scholars and experts regarding the ability of deterrence to address crimes committed by corporations. While some argue that corporations, like individuals, can be deterred through various means such as fines and criminal sanctions, others point out that corporations may have more resources to avoid detection and punishment, making deterrence less effective. Therefore, there are fundamental interpretive disagreements on whether corporations can be easily deterred.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a positive sanction?

Accepted Answer

Fines are a type of negative sanction, as they involve a penalty or punishment for a violation of a rule or law. Bounties, tax credits, and praise are all examples of positive sanctions, which involve rewards or recognition for desirable behavior.

Question 9

The text suggests that the responses to white collar crime are likely to be more effective if they are:

Accepted Answer

The text implies that the most effective response to white collar crime is one that takes into account both moral and practical considerations. While moral outrage is important in holding perpetrators accountable, a solely emotional response may not be sufficient in preventing or deterring future crimes. On the other hand, a purely practical response may overlook the ethical dimensions of the crime and fail to address underlying issues. A balanced approach that considers both practical and moral factors is likely to be more effective in preventing, punishing and deterring white collar crimes.

Question 10

A "just deserts" approach to white collar crime:

Accepted Answer

A "just deserts" approach to white collar crime is primarily based on retribution and serves to condemn the wrongdoer in society. It is not necessarily concerned with rehabilitating the offender or minimizing the use of state resources. This approach is often seen as a deterrent against further white collar crime.

Question 11

Which answer best describes the "social license" approach to corporate crime?

Accepted Answer

The "social license" approach refers to the idea that companies must go beyond legal compliance and actively engage in socially desirable actions in order to maintain the support and acceptance of the community in which they operate. This approach can include things like investing in sustainability initiatives or donating to local causes, but it is fundamentally about building a positive reputation and relationship with stakeholders. Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe the social license approach.

Question 12

John Braithwaite has argued that shaming can be an effective general response to crime if it is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

John Braithwaite has argued that shaming can be an effective response to crime if it is reintegrative, meaning it focuses on restoring the offender's relationship with society rather than simply punishing and stigmatizing them. This approach emphasizes the importance of repairing harm, rebuilding trust, and encouraging the offender to take responsibility for their actions. Focused on individuals only and isolating approaches are not as effective as the reintegrative approach.

Question 13

Which of the following is the single most common element of corporate ethics programs?

Accepted Answer

A code of ethics is the most common element of corporate ethics programs as it provides a clear understanding of what is expected of employees in terms of ethical behavior. The other options listed are not as common as a code of ethics in corporate ethics programs.

Question 14

White collar crime is typically viewed as an __________ crime, and accordingly ________ deterrent-prone than conventional crime.

Accepted Answer

White collar crime is often considered instrumental or rational, meaning it is premeditated and calculated for personal or organizational gain. Therefore, it is viewed as more deterrent-prone than conventional crime, as the potential consequences (e.g., legal penalties) can be weighed against the benefits of the criminal activity.

Question 15

Which of the following does not apply to the corporate social responsibility movement?

Accepted Answer

The statement "Has been shown to be extremely effective after systematic evaluation over many years" does not accurately apply to the corporate social responsibility movement. The effectiveness of such programs is still debated and not well-established through systematic evaluation.

Question 16

The text suggests that the most enduring and effective solution to white collar crime is likely to be which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that addressing white collar crime through structural (e.g. changing laws and regulations), normative (e.g. promoting ethical values), and preventive (e.g. educating individuals and organizations about the risks and consequences of white collar crime) measures is likely to be the most enduring and effective solution. This approach addresses the underlying factors that contribute to white collar crime and aims to prevent it from occurring in the first place. Individualistic, utilitarian, retributive, organizational, coercive, and incapacitative approaches may provide some short-term solutions or deterrence, but they may not address the root causes of white collar crime and may not be as effective in the long run.

Question 17

Which of the following would represent the least formal response to white collar crime?

Accepted Answer

Public opinion and popular shaming are the least formal responses to white collar crime because they do not involve legal proceedings or government intervention. They involve individuals or groups expressing their disapproval or criticism of the offender's actions, but do not result in any legal consequences for the offender. Civil lawsuits, administrative regulation, and criminal justice enforcement are all more formal responses that involve legal processes and potential punishments for the offender.

Question 18

Which element of deterrence is apparently the most important in terms of effectiveness?

Accepted Answer

Certainty of punishment is apparently the most important element of deterrence in terms of effectiveness. It means that the person who commits a crime must know that they will be caught and punished. If the criminal thinks that there is a good chance of escaping detection, then the severity of punishment will not matter. So, the key to deterrence is to create a fear of getting caught in the minds of potential offenders.

Question 19

Which of the following sanctions is characterized as having a mixture of positive and negative elements?

Accepted Answer

Community service can be seen as a mixture of positive and negative elements because it serves as a punishment (negative) while also providing a benefit to the community (positive).

Question 20

Responses to white collar crime which appeal to reason or offer practical inducements are which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Responses to white collar crime which appeal to reason or offer practical inducements are considered utilitarian. Utilitarianism is a consequentialist approach to ethics that measures the rightness or wrongness of an action based on the outcomes it produces. In this case, the response to white collar crime is based on the practical inducements and the benefits it produces for society.

Quiz 12: Responding to the Challenge of White Collar Crime