Question 1

The ""get tough"" approach whereby some states have allowed for punishment of violent delinquents through the use of mandatory secure confinement has been implemented by changes in:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ""get tough"" approach whereby some states...

Question 2

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 specified four areas of reform regarding the use of secure detention of juveniles. Which of the following was NOT one of these areas of reform?

Accepted Answer

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 aimed to improve the treatment of juveniles in the justice system, including keeping them separate from adults, removing them from adult jails, and addressing the issue of disproportionate minority confinement. It did not seek to increase the use of detention for status offenders; rather, it aimed to deinstitutionalize status offenses.

Question 3

The Juvenile Court Act passed in 1899 established the first separate court system for juveniles in which state?

Accepted Answer

The Juvenile Court Act of 1899 established the first separate court system for juveniles in Illinois, specifically in Cook County, which includes Chicago. This act was a pioneering move towards treating juvenile offenders differently from adults, focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment.

Question 4

The __________ movement was comprised primarily of women from middle- and upper-class backgrounds across the U.S. who exercised considerable influence in mobilizing change in how government dealt with independent, neglected, and delinquent children.

Accepted Answer

The child-saving movement was primarily made up of middle- and upper-class women in the United States who played a significant role in pushing for changes in the way government addressed the needs of independent, neglected, and delinquent children.

Question 5

The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 created the first separate system of juvenile justice in the United States.

Accepted Answer

The Illinois Juvenile Court Act of 1899 established the first separate juvenile court system in the United States, marking the beginning of a formalized approach to handling juvenile offenders differently from adults.

Question 6

The first juvenile court in the United States was created in 1859.

Accepted Answer

The first juvenile court in the United States was established in 1899, in Cook County, Illinois, not in 1859.

Question 7

Reform schools typically used a cottage or family system.

Accepted Answer

Reform schools often utilized a cottage or family system to create a more homelike environment, which was believed to aid in the rehabilitation of the youth. This approach was intended to provide a structured yet nurturing atmosphere, contrasting with the harsher conditions of traditional juvenile detention facilities.

Question 8

Parens patriae doctrine was introduced into American law in an 1818 Virginia Supreme Court case.

Accepted Answer

The doctrine of parens patriae predates the 1818 Virginia Supreme Court case and has its origins in English common law, serving as a principle where the monarch had a duty to protect the interests of those who could not act on their own behalf, such as minors or the mentally ill. It was incorporated into American law through various cases and statutes over time, not introduced in a single case.

Question 9

House of refuge reformers believed that children were victims rather than offenders and needed to be removed from the corrupting influences of urban poverty.

Accepted Answer

House of refuge reformers in the 19th century indeed believed that children were more victims of their circumstances than offenders. They argued that by removing children from the poverty and vice prevalent in urban environments and placing them in institutions like houses of refuge, these young individuals could be reformed and educated, thus preventing them from continuing down a path of delinquency.

Question 10

Poor Laws gave authority to the government to separate poor children from their parents.

Accepted Answer

The Poor Laws, particularly those enacted during the Elizabethan era in England, allowed for the removal of poor children from their homes to be placed in apprenticeships or workhouses, as a means to combat vagrancy and poverty.

Question 11

Positivist criminology is based upon the assumption that the social world cannot be studied scientifically.

Accepted Answer

Positivist criminology is based on the assumption that the social world can be studied scientifically, aiming to identify the causes of crime through objective and empirical methods.

Question 12

Parens patriae established the king as protector and guardian of dependent classes.

Accepted Answer

Parens patriae is a legal doctrine that establishes the state or sovereign as the guardian of persons who are unable to protect themselves, such as minors and the mentally ill, effectively making the king (or state) their protector.

Question 13

One historical development that led to the social construction of ""juvenile delinquency"" was the rise of positivist criminology.

Accepted Answer

The rise of positivist criminology, which emphasized the scientific study of criminals and their behavior, contributed to the social construction of "juvenile delinquency" by differentiating between adult criminals and juvenile offenders, leading to the development of separate legal and correctional approaches for youths.

Question 14

Parens patriae is the legal right of parents to discipline their children as they see fit.

Accepted Answer

Parens patriae is a legal doctrine that gives the state the authority to act as a guardian for those who are unable to care for themselves, such as minors or mentally incapacitated individuals, not the right of parents to discipline their children.

Question 15

The Latin phrase parens patriae literally means ""parent of the country.""

Accepted Answer

The Latin phrase "parens patriae" translates directly to "parent of the country," referring to the governmental authority to provide protection to those unable to care for themselves.

Question 16

By 1925, all but two states had juvenile court laws.

Accepted Answer

By 1925, juvenile court laws had been adopted in all but two states in the United States, reflecting a nationwide commitment to handling juvenile offenders separately from adults and focusing on rehabilitation.

Question 17

The National Council on Crime and Delinquency showed that detention facilities were being used to house juveniles accused of non-criminal conduct.

Accepted Answer

The National Council on Crime and Delinquency has reported that detention facilities have been used to house juveniles for behaviors that are not criminal, such as running away, truancy, and incorrigibility, which are considered status offenses rather than criminal acts.

Question 18

The reform school provided the context for the first significant legal challenge to the parens patriae doctrine in the Illinois Supreme Court case:

Accepted Answer

O'Connell v. Turner (1870) was the first significant legal challenge to the parens patriae doctrine in the Illinois Supreme Court, questioning the state's authority to intervene in the lives of children without providing them with the same legal protections afforded to adults.

Question 19

The parens patriae doctrine was introduced into American law in an 1838 Pennsylvania Supreme Court case called:

Accepted Answer

The parens patriae doctrine, which allows the state to act as the guardian of those who are unable to care for themselves, was introduced into American law through the 1838 Pennsylvania Supreme Court case ex parte Crouse.

Question 20

During the 1800s, moral reform in houses of refuge involved four basic elements. Which of the following was NOT one of those elements?

Accepted Answer

Houses of refuge during the 1800s emphasized work, education, and strict discipline as key elements of moral reform, but they did not typically focus on providing love and guidance.

Quiz 2: Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice: Origins and Transformation