Question 1

Generic memory is ________.
A) knowledge of facts
B) a type of implicit memory
C) context-based and associated with a particular point in time
D) also known as systematic memory

Accepted Answer

Generic memory refers to knowledge of facts, which is information that is known universally and not tied to a specific context or personal experience.

Question 2

A concept is ________.
A) a word
B) an abstraction
C) an object
D) a verbal entity

Accepted Answer

A concept is an abstraction that represents the general qualities or characteristics of a particular class of objects, ideas, or phenomena. It is not a tangible object, a specific word, or solely a verbal entity, but rather a mental construct that helps in understanding and categorizing the world.

Question 3

The anterior frontal lobe is linked to ________.
A) both generic and episodic memories
B) episodic memories but not to generic memories
C) generic memories but not to episodic memories
D) neither generic nor episodic memories

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

Generic memory is comprised of ________.
A) flashbulb memories
B) concepts
C) events
D) highly-practiced skills

Accepted Answer

Generic memory refers to knowledge that is not tied to any specific instance or event but rather to general concepts or types of objects.

Question 5

People who acquire retrograde amnesia due to damage to the medial temporal lobe exhibit loss of ________.
A) generic memories going back several years, but only exhibit loss of episodic memories acquired shortly before the onset of amnesia
B) episodic memories going back several years, but only exhibit loss of generic memories acquired shortly before the onset of amnesia
C) both episodic and generic memories going back several years
D) both episodic and generic memories acquired shortly before the onset of amnesia

Accepted Answer

The answer of People who acquire retrograde amnesia due to...

Question 6

In ________ of generic memory, concepts are arranged from the most general at the top to the most specific at the bottom, and facts related to concepts are stored at the highest level to which they apply.
A) the hierarchical-network model
B) the spreading-activation model
C) the compound-cue model
D) the hub-and-spoke model

Accepted Answer

The hierarchical-network model of generic memory proposes that concepts are organized in a hierarchical manner, from the most general concepts at the top to more specific ones at the bottom, with facts related to these concepts stored at the highest applicable level.

Question 7

The hierarchical model of generic memory makes predictions about how long it will take for a person to verify different types of sentences using ________.
A) a paired-comparison task
B) associative priming
C) contextual cues
D) a sentence-verification task

Accepted Answer

The hierarchical model of generic memory suggests that the time it takes for a person to verify the truth of a sentence depends on the number of levels of hierarchy that must be traversed in memory. A sentence-verification task directly measures this time, making it the correct context for these predictions.

Question 8

Using their hierarchical model of generic memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) found that ________.
A) when the participants had to traverse fewer levels in the hierarchy, they were slower to verify that a sentence was true
B) when the participants had to traverse more levels in the hierarchy, they were slower to verify that a sentence was true
C) the only determinant of the speed of response was the length of the sentence used
D) the only determinant of the speed of response was the IQ of the participant

Accepted Answer

Collins and Quillian (1969) found that the time it took participants to verify whether a sentence was true increased with the number of hierarchical levels they had to traverse in their model of memory. This suggests that memory is organized in a hierarchical manner, and accessing more deeply nested information takes longer.

Question 9

The hierarchical model of generic memory does not really explain how participants are able to respond to a sentence as false; for example, when asked if the statement "Salmon have fur" is true or false, ________.
A) participants slowly respond that this sentence is false; however, the model seems to predict that participants would need to consult only a portion of the hierarchy
B) some participants respond that this sentence is true because they are under the effect of various cognitive biases
C) participants quickly respond that this sentence is false; however, the model seems to predict that participants would need to consult the entire hierarchy
D) some participants respond that this sentence is false, based on incorrect information and seemingly "compensating" for their error

Accepted Answer

The hierarchical model of generic memory suggests that information is organized in a hierarchical manner, which would imply that to verify a statement, one would need to traverse through various levels of this hierarchy. However, the fact that participants can quickly identify the statement "Salmon have fur" as false indicates that they do not need to consult the entire hierarchy to make this judgment, which contradicts the model's prediction.

Question 10

In a critique to the hierarchical model of generic memory, Conrad (1972) found that high-frequency properties ________,
A) were verified more quickly than moderate-frequency properties
B) were verified more slowly than moderate-frequency properties
C) were verified at the same speed as moderate-frequency properties
D) were often ignored

Accepted Answer

Conrad (1972) found that high-frequency properties were verified more quickly than moderate-frequency properties, challenging the hierarchical model of generic memory by showing that frequency of occurrence affects verification speed.

Question 11

The ________ is based on the ideas that related concepts are connected in a network, and that concepts that share more properties will have more links between them.
A) hierarchical-network model
B) spreading-activation model
C) compound-cue model
D) hub-and-spoke model

Accepted Answer

The spreading-activation model is based on the idea that concepts in memory are connected in a network, and when one concept is activated, this activation spreads to related concepts. This model suggests that concepts sharing more properties will have stronger or more links between them, facilitating the spread of activation.

Question 12

The compound-cue model suggests that generic memories are accessed when there is a match between cues in short-term memory and items in generic memory. ________ are not critical to the model.
A) Context cues
B) Inter-item cues
C) Cultural cues
D) Self-self cues

Accepted Answer

Cultural cues are not critical to the compound-cue model, which focuses on the match between cues in short-term memory and items in generic memory, rather than cultural influences.

Question 13

According to the hub-and-spoke model, six types of modality-specific representations (or spokes) all meet at a central hub in the ________.
A) anterior thalamus
B) corpus callosum
C) anterior temporal lobe
D) inferior parietal lobule

Accepted Answer

The hub-and-spoke model posits that modality-specific representations converge at a central hub located in the anterior temporal lobe, integrating various types of sensory information.

Question 14

Dagenbach et al. (1990) argued that associative priming is only observed for items that are part of ________.
A) working memory
B) sensory memory
C) episodic memory
D) generic memory

Accepted Answer

Associative priming is observed for items that are part of generic memory, which involves general knowledge and associations stored in long-term memory.

Question 15

Wagner et al. (2001) found that the ________ is involved with controlled searches of generic memory.
A) basal ganglia
B) left inferior prefrontal cortex
C) neocortex
D) thalamus

Accepted Answer

Wagner et al. (2001) conducted research indicating that the left inferior prefrontal cortex is involved in controlled searches of generic memory, highlighting its role in memory retrieval processes.

Question 16

Lashley (1929) was ________.
A) able to eliminate a learned behaviour and eventually concluded that generic memories were not distributed across the brain but localized
B) never able to eliminate a learned behaviour and eventually concluded that generic memories were distributed across the brain and not localized
C) able to eliminate a learned behaviour but only initially, before consolidation
D) never able to eliminate a learned behaviour initially, but only later after consolidation

Accepted Answer

Lashley's research led him to conclude that memories were not localized to one part of the brain but were distributed across it. This was based on his inability to eliminate a learned behavior by removing parts of the brain, which suggested that memories were not stored in a single location.

Question 17

When a person incurs damage to one of the sensory or motor areas, he or she develops ________.
A) simultaneous anterograde and retrograde amnesia
B) sensory and/or motor deficits will invariably prevent testing the memory of concepts
C) problems that revolve around losing access to conceptual knowledge in general
D) problems that revolve around that type of sensory or motor information

Accepted Answer

Damage to one of the sensory or motor areas typically results in problems related to that specific type of sensory or motor information, not necessarily affecting memory or conceptual knowledge directly.

Question 18

Concepts ________.
A) indicate what objects, events, and abstract ideas mean
B) are needed for object recognition, action planning, language, and thought
C) are fundamental to all cognitive tasks
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Concepts are fundamental to understanding and interacting with the world, as they help us categorize and make sense of objects, events, and ideas, are essential for various cognitive processes including recognition, planning, and language, and are indeed fundamental to all cognitive tasks.

Question 19

In their research on concepts, Kiefer and Pulvermüller (2012) argue that their results suggest that ________.
A) access to concepts does not involve partial reinstatement of the same perceptual processes that occurred during object perceptions
B) access to concepts involves partial reinstatement of the same perceptual processes that occurred during object perceptions
C) access to concepts involves reinstatement of separate perceptual processes, distinct from those that occurred during object perceptions
D) concepts are located across the entire cortex and cannot be pinpointed by neuroimaging techniques

Accepted Answer

Kiefer and Pulvermüller (2012) argue that accessing concepts involves a partial reinstatement of the same perceptual processes that occurred during the initial perception of objects, suggesting a close link between perceptual experience and conceptual processing.

Question 20

According to Caramazza and Shelton's (1998) domain-specific knowledge hypothesis, evolutionary pressures have led the human brain to develop specialized mechanisms for ________.
A) distinguishing between moving and non-moving things
B) distinguishing between living and nonliving things
C) rapid escape from dangerous objects
D) rapid recognition of potentially dangerous objects

Accepted Answer

Caramazza and Shelton's (1998) domain-specific knowledge hypothesis suggests that evolutionary pressures have led the human brain to develop specialized mechanisms for distinguishing between living and nonliving things. This is based on the idea that different types of knowledge (e.g., about living vs. nonliving things) are processed in different areas of the brain, reflecting an evolutionary adaptation to the different ways in which these categories of objects have historically impacted human survival.

Quiz 7: Generic Memory

Generic memory is ________.

A concept is ________.

The anterior frontal lobe is linked to ________.

Generic memory is comprised of ________.

People who acquire retrograde amnesia due to damage to the medial temporal lobe exhibit loss of ________.

In ________ of generic memory, concepts are arranged from the most general at the top to the most specific at the bottom, and facts related to concepts are stored at the highest level to which they apply.

The hierarchical model of generic memory makes predictions about how long it will take for a person to verify different types of sentences using ________.

Using their hierarchical model of generic memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) found that ________.

The hierarchical model of generic memory does not really explain how participants are able to respond to a sentence as false; for example, when asked if the statement "Salmon have fur" is true or false, ________.

In a critique to the hierarchical model of generic memory, Conrad (1972) found that high-frequency properties ________,

The ________ is based on the ideas that related concepts are connected in a network, and that concepts that share more properties will have more links between them.

The compound-cue model suggests that generic memories are accessed when there is a match between cues in short-term memory and items in generic memory. ________ are not critical to the model.

According to the hub-and-spoke model, six types of modality-specific representations (or spokes) all meet at a central hub in the ________.

Dagenbach et al. (1990) argued that associative priming is only observed for items that are part of ________.

Wagner et al. (2001) found that the ________ is involved with controlled searches of generic memory.

Lashley (1929) was ________.

When a person incurs damage to one of the sensory or motor areas, he or she develops ________.

Concepts ________.

In their research on concepts, Kiefer and Pulvermüller (2012) argue that their results suggest that ________.

According to Caramazza and Shelton's (1998) domain-specific knowledge hypothesis, evolutionary pressures have led the human brain to develop specialized mechanisms for ________.