Question 1

All of the following are examples of proactive interference, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the ability to remember new information. In choice D, Samantha's issue is with remembering the old combination due to the new one, which is an example of retroactive interference, where new information interferes with the recall of old information. Choices A, B, and C all describe situations where old information is interfering with the recall of new information, fitting the definition of proactive interference.

Question 2

When you acquire a new cell phone number and learn it, it may soon become virtually impossible to remember the old one due to

Accepted Answer

This is an example of retroactive interference, where new information (the new cell phone number) interferes with the ability to recall old information (the old cell phone number).

Question 3

This sin of memory, described by Daniel Schachter, is influenced by improper encoding due to lapses of attention.

Accepted Answer

Absentmindedness is a sin of memory that results from issues with attention and deep processing at the time of encoding, leading to forgetfulness or lapses in memory.

Question 4

When a person attributes a memory to a source other than its actual origin, they have committed this sin of memory distortion.

Accepted Answer

Misattribution occurs when a person remembers the information correctly but attributes it to the wrong source or origin.

Question 5

While misattribution can result in entirely false beliefs that one has experienced an event when one has not, it may also result in false beliefs about aspects of

Accepted Answer

Misattribution can lead to false beliefs about specific aspects or details of events that one has actually experienced, altering the memory of those events.

Question 6

This memory trace is an organized mental model or knowledge structure that helps to organize our experience of some type of event or situation.

Accepted Answer

A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. Schemas can be used for understanding various events, situations, or processes, making them mental models that help in organizing our experiences.

Question 7

Which of the following descriptions is likely stored as a schema in memory?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following descriptions is likely...

Question 8

Schemas often play out terms of the typical sequence of events likely to occur in any given situation for which we have a schema. That "story" of the situation is called a

Accepted Answer

The term "script" is used in psychology to describe the typical sequence of events expected in a particular situation, based on our schemas. It's like a storyline or a playbook that guides our expectations and behaviors in familiar contexts.

Question 9

Sometimes false memories occur because people falsely remember details about events if the event

Accepted Answer

False memories are more likely to occur when an event is consistent with an existing schema or script because the brain fills in gaps in memory with what it expects to be true based on past experiences and knowledge.

Question 10

Studies that demonstrate this effect of schemas also highlight the importance of the context in which an event occurs for subsequent accurate recall.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies that demonstrate this effect of schemas...

Question 11

The sin of suggestibility is perhaps best demonstrated by Elizabeth Loftus's studies of this

Accepted Answer

Elizabeth Loftus's studies are best known for demonstrating the misinformation effect, where people's memories can be influenced by misleading information presented after the event.

Question 12

In a classic experiment, Loftus and her colleagues had university students watch a series of slides depicting an armed robbery in a hardware store in which a screwdriver was taken in addition to money. The misinformation effect was evident because

Accepted Answer

The misinformation effect refers to the phenomenon where people's memories of an event can be influenced by misleading information presented after the event. In this experiment, participants were misled to believe a different weapon (a hammer) was involved, demonstrating the misinformation effect when they confidently recalled seeing a hammer instead of the actual screwdriver.

Question 13

In order to induce this memory phenomenon, relatives of the research participants are enlisted as confederates of the experimenter and asked to provide false information to the participant about a childhood event.

Accepted Answer

This describes the creation of a "rich false memory," where individuals come to believe in the occurrence of an event that never actually happened, often through suggestive information provided by others.

Question 14

This sin of memory is particularly apparent in the cases of people who experience traumatic events, and can often cause difficulties for the person.

Accepted Answer

Persistence refers to the intrusive recollection of events that one would prefer to forget, often seen in individuals who have experienced trauma.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the consensus of most researchers about the recovered memory controversy?

Accepted Answer

The consensus among most researchers is that cases where a person completely forgets a traumatic event and then accurately recovers all the details years later are uncommon. This view acknowledges the complexity of memory, especially concerning traumatic events, without dismissing the possibility of memory recovery but emphasizing its rarity.

Question 16

Researchers have shown that there is a tendency for people to think of themselves as having "improved" over time, but also to exaggerate past failures or unreasonably criticize their former selves as a way of enhancing their views of their selves in the present. This is called the

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the egocentric bias, which involves enhancing one's view of oneself in the present by exaggerating past failures or criticizing one's former self.

Question 17

When a person's attitudes change, for example, currently disliking a political candidate he or she previously endorsed, the person is likely to believe that they always disliked the candidate. This is evidence of

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as consistency bias, where people mistakenly believe their views have remained the same over time when in fact they have changed.

Question 18

When you open a saved computer file you have retrieved an identical copy of what you have stored. The same is true in the case of memory retrieval.

Accepted Answer

Memory retrieval is often reconstructive, meaning each time we recall a memory, it can be altered or influenced by new information, unlike opening a saved computer file which retrieves an identical copy of what was stored.

Question 19

Any time you pay attention to a sight, sound, feeling, idea, or piece of information- either automatically or as a conscious decision-that information is transferred to long-term memory.

Accepted Answer

Not all information that you pay attention to is transferred to long-term memory. The transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory involves processes such as encoding and consolidation, and not all information successfully undergoes these processes even if attended to.

Question 20

Encoding in long-term memory generally relies upon the idea of meaningfulness of the information being encoded.

Accepted Answer

Encoding in long-term memory is more effective when the information has meaningfulness or relevance to the individual, as it facilitates deeper processing and better retrieval.

Quiz 8: Memory