Question 1

Why, according to Sinnott-Armstrong, wouldn't you cause any harm to anyone by going for a joyride in a gas-guzzling car?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why, according to Sinnott-Armstrong, wouldn't you cause...

Question 2

Sinnott-Armstrong identifies several moral principles that would entail that individuals have an obligation to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions if they were plausible. State one of those principles in your own words and explain why Sinnott-Armstrong thinks that principle is not plausible.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sinnott-Armstrong identifies several moral principles that would...

Question 3

How might someone object to Sinnott-Armstrong's claim that the greenhouse gas emissions from a single joyride won't cause any harm to anyone? Be sure to state your objection as a complete argument.

Accepted Answer

The answer of How might someone object to Sinnott-Armstrong's claim...

Question 4

Sinnott-Armstrong discusses the "public permission principle," which states that it is wrong to perform an action if "it would be worse for everyone to know that everyone is permitted to perform an action of that kind." Identify an action that such an action would prohibit (other than ones discussed in the text) and explain why the principle would prohibit that action.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sinnott-Armstrong discusses the "public permission principle," which...

Question 5

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Dougherty is trying to answer in this paper?
A) How wrong is it to deceive someone?
B) How wrong is it to have sex with someone while lacking his or her consent?
C) How wrong is it to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features?
D) How does lying to someone violate his or her consent?

Accepted Answer

Dougherty's paper focuses on the moral wrongness of deceiving someone into sex by lying about ordinary personal characteristics, rather than broader questions of deception, consent violation, or the ethics of non-consensual sex in general.

Question 6

Dougherty main conclusion in this paper is:
A) It is wrong but not seriously so to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features if such features would be a deal breaker for the victim of the deception.
B) Nonconsensual sex is wrong not because of the harm done to victims but because of the right to sexual autonomy and one's body that it violates.
C) In cases of deceiving someone into sex, lying about one's religion or ethnicity is seriously wrong but lying about one's profession or natural hair color is not seriously wrong.
D) It is seriously wrong to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features if such features would be a deal breaker for the victim of the deception.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty argues that deceiving someone into sex by lying about personal features that would be deal breakers for the victim is seriously wrong, emphasizing the violation of the victim's autonomy and consent.

Question 7

What is Dougherty's main argument for his claim that it is wrong to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features if such features would be a deal breaker for the victim of the deception?
A) If one lies about a personal feature that is undesirable for the victim of the deception, then one is vitiating the victim's sexual consent, and having sex with someone while lacking his or her consent is seriously wrong.
B) If one lies about a personal feature that is a deal breaker for the victim of the deception, then one is vitiating the victim's sexual consent, and having sex with someone while lacking his or her consent is seriously wrong.
C) Lying about a personal feature that is a deal breaker for the victim of the deception is seriously wrong because it will cause serious harm to the victim.
D) Lying about a personal feature that is a deal breaker for the victim of the deception is seriously wrong because one should always be explicitly honest about who one is to others.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty argues that lying about a personal feature that is a deal breaker for the victim vitiates the victim's sexual consent, making the act of having sex under such circumstances seriously wrong due to the lack of genuine consent.

Question 8

Of the following explanations, which most accurately explains the Lenient Thesis?
A) It is a serious wrong to deceive a person into sex by misleading him or her about certain run-of-the-mill personal features such as one's occupation.
B) It is not a serious wrong to deceive a person into sex by misleading him or her about certain run-of-the-mill personal features such as one's occupation.
C) One should be lenient with punishments for someone who unknowingly deceives another into sex because he or she may not have known the other's deal breakers.
D) One should be lenient with punishments for someone who deceives another into sex by misleading him or her about personal features such as one's religion or ethnicity.

Accepted Answer

The Lenient Thesis suggests that deceiving someone into sex by misleading them about mundane personal features (like occupation) is not considered a serious moral wrong.

Question 9

By the phrase "deceiving another person into sex," Dougherty means:
A) The deception concerns the sexual encounter and a feature of the sexual encounter that the other person finds undesirable.
B) The deception concerns the sexual encounter and a deal breaker or a feature of the sexual encounter to which the other person's will is opposed.
C) The deception involves misleading another about a core feature such as one's religion or ethnicity.
D) The deception involves misleading another about a periphery feature such as one's occupation or natural hair color.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty's definition focuses on deception about aspects of the sexual encounter that are crucial to the other person's consent, specifically those features to which the person's will is opposed or that are considered deal breakers.

Question 10

Which of the following best captures Dougherty's main argument for the claim that having sex with someone who does not validly consent is seriously wrong?
A) The serious wrongness of having sex with someone unconscious or with someone by means of egregious deception is best explained by the harm suffered by the victim.
B) Nonconsensual sex violates the victim's sexual rights and this rights-based account best explains the serious wrongness of having sex with someone unconscious or with someone by impersonating his or her spouse.
C) Having sex with someone who does not validly consent is seriously wrong because the law considers this rape and subjects assailants to heavy punishments.
D) Having sex with someone who does not validly consent is seriously wrong because this is a well-entrenched considered judgment of most people.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty argues that the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex is best explained by the violation of the victim's sexual rights, rather than by the harm caused, legal definitions, or societal judgments.

Question 11

Which of the following best captures Dougherty's main argument for the claim that the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex is not explained by the fact that nonconsensual sex harms the victim?
A) The serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex is explained not only by the fact that nonconsensual sex harms the victim but also by the fact that it harms everyone in society.
B) The serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex is explained best by the fact that nonconsensual sex violates the sexual rights of its victims.
C) Explaining the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex in terms of its harm to victims does not explain the serious wrongness of sex with the unconscious or by egregious forms of deception that do not involve any harm.
D) Explaining the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex in terms of its harm to victims does not explain the serious wrongness of someone deceiving others into sex by misleading them about one's personal features.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty argues that focusing solely on harm to the victim doesn't fully capture the wrongness of nonconsensual sex, especially in cases where the victim is unconscious or deceived in ways that don't involve harm, suggesting a deeper violation of rights or autonomy.

Question 12

Which of the following best captures Dougherty's explanation of what is required for the harm explanation to be a genuine alternative to the consent explanation?
A) The harm explanation must argue that the seriousness of the wrong both of sex by means of egregious deception and of sex with an unconscious person is explained by the harm suffered by the victim.
B) The harm explanation cannot endorse a rights-based approach to explain the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex such as sex with an unconscious person or with someone by means of egregious deception.
C) The harm explanation must argue that the consent explanation is an incorrect explanation of the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex because it cannot account for the harms to victims.
D) The harm explanation cannot consider violation of consent a harm since otherwise the harm explanation and the consent explanation would be consistent and the first would not be a genuine alternative position to the second.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following best captures Dougherty's...

Question 13

What role does the claim that no objective distinction can be drawn between core and periphery features of a sexual encounter (where when one is deceived into sex by being misled by core features but not periphery features, one's valid consent is violated) play in this paper?
A) Dougherty uses this claim to present an objection to the Lenient Thesis, which he argues relies on a distinction between core and periphery features.
B) Dougherty uses this claim as a premise in arguing for the claim that nonconsensual sex is wrong because it violates the sexual rights of its victims.
C) Dougherty is simply noting that core features entail periphery features because the latter depends on the former.
D) Dougherty is using this claim to explain why having sex with an unconscious person or with someone by means of egregious deception is wrong.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty uses this claim to challenge the Lenient Thesis by arguing that it improperly relies on a distinction between core and periphery features, which he contends cannot be objectively made.

Question 14

Why does the Dougherty discuss in this paper the Chihuahua case in which Aisha deceives him into letting her Chihuahua into his apartment by claiming her dog is a Great Dane although he hates Chihuahua?
A) Dougherty uses this case to support the claim that there is no morally relevant distinction between core and periphery features in sexual encounters.
B) Dougherty uses this case to argue that it is relevantly similar to cases of deceiving someone into sex and that both are wrong.
C) Dougherty is reporting on moral theories about agreements that have been offered by philosophers.
D) Dougherty uses this case to object to the harm explanation.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty uses the Chihuahua case as an analogy to argue that deception leading to consent (in this case, letting the dog into the apartment) is morally similar to deceiving someone into sex, suggesting both are morally wrong.

Question 15

Which of the following is the best example of the restrictive and extensive nature of our intentions about waivers?
A) Thomas intends to permit his barber to cut his hair but not to touch the rest of his body and his barber can only cut his hair in exactly the way he wants it to be cut.
B) Judy intends to publish a book in the next year and there are many different ways that she could write the book.
C) Alfred intends to have sex with Jeffrey but he is restricted to having sex with Jeffrey only if Jeffrey validly consents.
D) Alice intends to allow her father to clean her kitchen but not the rest of her house and there many different permissible ways he could clean her kitchen.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the best...

Question 16

Which of the following best characterizes Dougherty's general substantive account of consent to sex?
A) People only validly consent to sex if they are not harmed by the sexual encounter.
B) People only validly consent to sex if they are willing to engage in those encounters given all of the features of those encounters.
C) People validly consent to sex if and only if they are not deceived by someone into sex.
D) People only validly consent to sex if their agreement to have sex is made explicit prior to the sexual encounter.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty's general substantive account of consent to sex emphasizes the importance of willingness to engage in sexual encounters, considering all features of those encounters, as the basis for valid consent.

Question 17

Assume that Dougherty is correct that people have the right to decide down to the last detail what comes into sexual contact with their bodies. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?
A) People have the right to decide exactly which articles of clothing they are wearing because people's clothing comes into contact with their bodies.
B) The harm explanation cannot explain the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex with an unconscious person or with someone by means of egregious deception.
C) Someone's valid consent could be violated if he or she had an extremely idiosyncratic deal breaker such as not wanting to have sex with people whose birthdays are in April and another person born in April who didn't know this deal breaker had sex with him or her.
D) Someone's valid consent could be violated if she agreed to have sex with person A and person B and wrongly thought during the sexual encounter that she was having sex with person B when she was having sex with person

Accepted Answer

If people have the right to decide every detail of what comes into sexual contact with their bodies, then even an idiosyncratic preference, like not wanting to have sex with someone born in April, must be respected for consent to be valid.

Question 18

Which of the following can we infer from Dougherty's claim that it is not always transparent to people whether they are giving their morally valid consent to a sexual encounter?
A) It is possible that all parties to a sexual encounter think they are all validly consenting at the time of that encounter, but then later, after the sexual encounter, they discover that the valid consent of one of them was violated.
B) It is possible that all parties to a sexual encounter think they are all validly consenting at the time to that encounter, but then later, the law as an external third party judges that the valid consent of one of them was violated.
C) People are obligated to think beforehand about all of their deal breakers so that they can know whether having sex with others might break any of those deals.
D) People are obligated to disclose all of their deal breakers to their potential sexual partners so that their partners can know whether having sex with them involves any deception.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty's claim suggests that individuals may not always be aware of whether their consent is morally valid, implying that they might realize later that their consent was not valid.

Question 19

Which of the following would count as an objection to Dougherty's argument that there is no objective distinction between core and periphery features to a sexual encounter?
A) Just because an objective distinction between core and periphery features should not be based on an objectionably moralized conception of sex does not mean that such a distinction could not still be drawn by evaluating which of people's reasons for considering a feature a core feature count as good reasons.
B) The harm explanation should not be rejected because it is equivalent to the consent explanation so long as the lack of consent in a sexual encounter and the violation of sexual rights themselves count as harms.
C) An objective distinction between core and periphery features can be drawn based on an appropriate conception of sexual autonomy in which individuals are free to determine for themselves which features of a sexual encounter are particularly important to them.
D) There is an objective meaningful distinction between core and periphery features to a sexual encounter because there is an objective distinction between nonconsensual sex and the Chihuahua case.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty's argument is challenged by suggesting that an objective distinction can be made by evaluating which reasons for considering a feature as core are good reasons, without relying on a moralized conception of sex.

Question 20

Dougherty argues in favor of the Lenient Thesis that it is only a minor wrong to deceive someone into sex by deceiving him or her about certain run-of-the-mill personal features such as one's occupation.

Accepted Answer

Dougherty argues against the Lenient Thesis, maintaining that deceiving someone into sex by misrepresenting oneself about significant personal features (like occupation) constitutes a serious moral wrong, not a minor one.

Quiz 13: Aristotle's Ethics: Exploring Virtue and Justice

Why, according to Sinnott-Armstrong, wouldn't you cause any harm to anyone by going for a joyride in a gas-guzzling car?

Sinnott-Armstrong identifies several moral principles that would entail that individuals have an obligation to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions if they were plausible. State one of those principles in your own words and explain why Sinnott-Armstrong thinks that principle is not plausible.

How might someone object to Sinnott-Armstrong's claim that the greenhouse gas emissions from a single joyride won't cause any harm to anyone? Be sure to state your objection as a complete argument.

Which of the following best captures the basic question that Dougherty is trying to answer in this paper?

Dougherty main conclusion in this paper is:

What is Dougherty's main argument for his claim that it is wrong to deceive someone into sex by lying about run-of-the-mill personal features if such features would be a deal breaker for the victim of the deception?

Of the following explanations, which most accurately explains the Lenient Thesis?

By the phrase "deceiving another person into sex," Dougherty means:

Which of the following best captures Dougherty's main argument for the claim that having sex with someone who does not validly consent is seriously wrong?

Which of the following best captures Dougherty's main argument for the claim that the serious wrongness of nonconsensual sex is not explained by the fact that nonconsensual sex harms the victim?

Which of the following best captures Dougherty's explanation of what is required for the harm explanation to be a genuine alternative to the consent explanation?

What role does the claim that no objective distinction can be drawn between core and periphery features of a sexual encounter (where when one is deceived into sex by being misled by core features but not periphery features, one's valid consent is violated) play in this paper?

Why does the Dougherty discuss in this paper the Chihuahua case in which Aisha deceives him into letting her Chihuahua into his apartment by claiming her dog is a Great Dane although he hates Chihuahua?

Which of the following is the best example of the restrictive and extensive nature of our intentions about waivers?

Which of the following best characterizes Dougherty's general substantive account of consent to sex?

Assume that Dougherty is correct that people have the right to decide down to the last detail what comes into sexual contact with their bodies. Which of the following could you infer from that claim?

Which of the following can we infer from Dougherty's claim that it is not always transparent to people whether they are giving their morally valid consent to a sexual encounter?

Which of the following would count as an objection to Dougherty's argument that there is no objective distinction between core and periphery features to a sexual encounter?

Dougherty argues in favor of the Lenient Thesis that it is only a minor wrong to deceive someone into sex by deceiving him or her about certain run-of-the-mill personal features such as one's occupation.