Question 1

Police departments may be held liable for sexual harassment even if they did not know of the offending behavior.

Accepted Answer

Under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, employers (including police departments) can be held liable for sexual harassment perpetrated by their employees, even if management was not aware of the behavior, especially if it is determined that the employer should have known about the harassment or failed to take appropriate steps to prevent such behavior.

Question 2

Minority representation of police grew in many cities only as a result of pressure from the black community.

Accepted Answer

Historically, minority representation in police forces in many cities increased primarily due to pressure and advocacy from the black community and other minority groups, who sought to address issues of racial discrimination and improve community-police relations by advocating for a police force that more accurately reflects the diversity of the community it serves.

Question 3

Today, as African American officers become more self-assured and less likely to accept discriminatory practices, double marginality is more of a problem.

Accepted Answer

Double marginality refers to the pressure African American officers face from both their community and their colleagues, often leading to a sense of isolation or having to prove themselves to both sides. As African American officers become more self-assured and less likely to accept discriminatory practices, it could lead to a reduction in the impact of double marginality, as they challenge and change the norms within their departments and communities.

Question 4

Early evaluations of female police officers found that they did not perform in a satisfactory manner.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that female police officers often perform as well as, or better than, their male counterparts in many aspects of policing, including problem-solving and communication skills, and are less likely to use excessive force.

Question 5

Police departments have particularly strong safeguards in place that ensure female police officers are treated exactly the same as male police officers.

Accepted Answer

Despite efforts to promote equality, many police departments still struggle with gender bias and inequality, leading to disparities in treatment, opportunities, and advancement between male and female officers.

Question 6

Attempts to remedy past discriminatory employment and promotional practices are reflected in an affirmative action plan.

Accepted Answer

An affirmative action plan is designed to address and correct the effects of past discrimination in employment and promotion practices by taking positive steps to ensure equal opportunity.

Question 7

Many police executives believe that the Civil Service is a fair and effective means of producing a professional police force.

Accepted Answer

Many police executives support the Civil Service system because it promotes merit-based hiring and advancement, which can contribute to a more professional and competent police force by ensuring that positions are filled based on qualifications rather than political connections or other non-merit factors.

Question 8

Once discrimination has been established in court, the burden of proof in establishing the validity of the practice shifts to the defendant.

Accepted Answer

Once discrimination is established, the defendant must prove that the discriminatory practice is justified under the law, shifting the burden of proof from the plaintiff to the defendant.

Question 9

White police officers view reverse discrimination as a threat to their job security.

Accepted Answer

The answer of White police officers view reverse discrimination as...

Question 10

In Detroit Police Officers' Association v. Young, the court ruled that preferential treatment had been granted to blacks solely on the basis of race and that this policy was permissible.

Accepted Answer

In Detroit Police Officers' Association v. Young, the court ruled that the preferential treatment based on race was not permissible, finding it in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 11

Beginning in the 1960s, governmental intervention was required to eliminate discrimination in employment and promotion.

Accepted Answer

The Civil Rights Act of 1964, among other legislative measures, mandated governmental intervention to eliminate discrimination in employment and promotion, marking a significant effort to address workplace inequality starting in the 1960s.

Question 12

In general, the police role is not physically demanding and requires a much stronger mental than physical capacity.

Accepted Answer

The given statement explicitly states that the police role is not physically demanding and requires a much stronger mental than physical capacity.

Question 13

Testimonial evidence is based on the opinions of individuals who have strong political beliefs about the importance of diversity or whose experience has led them to believe that a diverse department is either more or less effective.

Accepted Answer

Testimonial evidence refers to statements made by individuals based on their personal experiences or beliefs, which can include opinions on diversity's impact on effectiveness.

Question 14

Research has revealed that female police officers can perform effectively on patrol.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that female police officers can perform as effectively as their male counterparts in patrol duties, often excelling in areas requiring communication and empathy.

Question 15

Quid pro quo harassment requires the employee to choose between the job and the sexual demands.

Accepted Answer

Quid pro quo harassment occurs when a job benefit is directly tied to an employee submitting to unwelcome sexual advances or conduct. It essentially forces the employee to choose between acquiescing to the sexual demands or facing negative job-related consequences.

Question 16

If a requirement can be shown to be a valid requirement of the job, even if it may have a discriminatory impact, it may be allowed to remain as a requirement.

Accepted Answer

This is known as a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (BFOQ), where a particular requirement, although potentially discriminatory, is considered essential for the operation of a particular job or business.

Question 17

Empirical evidence is that derived from systematic study of one or more effectiveness criteria, such as crime rates, arrest rates, and citizen trust of police.

Accepted Answer

Empirical evidence is obtained through observation and documentation of patterns and behaviors through systematic study, including the analysis of effectiveness criteria like crime rates, arrest rates, and citizen trust in police, to draw conclusions.

Question 18

According to Franklin's research, women are still considered by many within the policing industry to be outsiders and inappropriate for policing.

Accepted Answer

Franklin's research indicates that despite progress, women in policing still face perceptions of being outsiders and are often deemed unsuitable for roles within the industry, reflecting ongoing gender biases and challenges.

Question 19

The Civil Rights Act does not specifically prohibit discrimination based on sexual identity.

Accepted Answer

The original Civil Rights Act of 1964 does not specifically mention sexual identity or orientation; it primarily addresses discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Protections for sexual identity have been extended through court decisions and later legislation.

Question 20

Surprisingly, it appears that departments with the best records of promoting minority officers are those cities that have a smaller minority population.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Surprisingly, it appears that departments with the...

Quiz 12: Diversity and Inclusion