Question 1

The concern over vagrancy and laziness moved the English authorities to create ______________ in which "habits of industry" were to be instilled in their youthful residents, who were typically vagrants and beggars.

Accepted Answer

Workhouses were established as part of the Poor Law system in England, aiming to instill work ethics among the poor, including vagrants and beggars, by providing them with accommodation and employment.

Question 2

Despite its regal origins, which first English workhouse soon became a prisonlike institution?

Accepted Answer

Bridewell, originally a palace, was repurposed into a workhouse and became known for its prison-like conditions.

Question 3

The British colonization of the United States provided an additional way to deal with delinquent youths, many of whom were sent from the Bridewells to the colonies as ______________, sometimes even without parental notification or support.

Accepted Answer

Delinquent youths were often sent from Bridewells (a form of prison or reform institution) to the colonies as indentured servants. This practice involved them working for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to the colonies, room, and board. It was a common way to deal with delinquency and to populate the colonies with laborers.

Question 4

A number of concerned New York citizens formed a group known as the ______________, whose motivation was the belief that the primary causes of criminal behavior were economic; therefore if children were provided with food, shelter, and vocational training, they would choose to become productive citizens rather than thieves and beggars.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D) Society for the Prevention of Pauperism. This organization was founded on the belief that addressing the economic root causes of crime by providing basic needs and vocational training to children could prevent them from turning to criminal activities.

Question 5

Criteria for admission to the New York House of Refuge were often ______________, as parents could place their children in residence for such offenses as idle and disorderly behavior.

Accepted Answer

The criteria for admission to the New York House of Refuge were often arbitrary because parents could commit their children for a wide range of behaviors, including vague offenses like being idle and disorderly, indicating a lack of strict or precise guidelines.

Question 6

The Ex Parte Crouse case challenged the:

Accepted Answer

The Ex Parte Crouse case (1839) is significant for its affirmation of the power of magistrates to remove children from their homes and place them in houses of refuge, based on the doctrine of parens patriae, which allows the state to intervene in the care of a child when it is deemed that the parents are unable or unwilling to provide appropriate care.

Question 7

Which landmark court decision brought the ideals of the English chancery courts as they pertained to juveniles to America, thus establishing parens patriae as settled law in American juvenile jurisprudence?

Accepted Answer

Ex Parte Crouse (1838) is the landmark decision that brought the ideals of the English chancery courts as they pertained to juveniles to America, establishing parens patriae as settled law in American juvenile jurisprudence. This principle allows the state to step in and act as a parent for the welfare of a child when the natural parents are unable or unwilling to do so.

Question 8

As the nineteenth century drew to a close, which group of concerned citizens called for the professionalization of public service?

Accepted Answer

The Progressives were a group of reformers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries who sought to address the problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption in government. They advocated for the professionalization of public service as part of their broader agenda to improve government efficiency and reduce corruption.

Question 9

In principle, the juvenile court was supposed to:

Accepted Answer

The juvenile court system was designed to emphasize an individualized approach to dealing with young offenders, focusing on rehabilitation and considering the unique circumstances and needs of each child, rather than applying a one-size-fits-all sentencing model.

Question 10

An indictment in adult court is known as a ____________ in juvenile court.

Accepted Answer

In juvenile court, an indictment in adult court is referred to as a "petition." This term is used to initiate legal proceedings against a juvenile accused of violating a law.

Question 11

Under certain circumstances, juveniles can be ______________ to adult court, where they are subject to criminal prosecution and punishments.

Accepted Answer

Juveniles can be "waived" to adult court, meaning the juvenile court gives up its jurisdiction over the case and allows it to be tried in adult criminal court. This process is also known as a "judicial waiver."

Question 12

The practice of waiver increased by _______ percent in the 1980s over what it was in the 1970s.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The practice of waiver increased by _______...

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a way in which a juvenile can be waived to adult court?

Accepted Answer

Parental waiver is not a recognized legal mechanism for transferring a juvenile to adult court. Judicial waiver, prosecutorial discretion, and statutory exclusion are all established methods for such transfers.

Question 14

A presumptive waiver is one in which:

Accepted Answer

In a presumptive waiver, the burden shifts to the juvenile to demonstrate that they are amenable to treatment within the juvenile justice system, rather than automatically being processed in the adult criminal system. This contrasts with automatic waivers where certain criteria, such as the type of offense, directly move the case to adult court without a need for a hearing.

Question 15

A prosecutorial discretion waiver is one in which:

Accepted Answer

A prosecutorial discretion waiver allows the prosecutor to decide whether to file charges in juvenile or adult court, bypassing the juvenile court process.

Question 16

A statutory exclusion waiver is one in which:

Accepted Answer

Statutory exclusion waivers are provisions set by legislatures that automatically exclude certain serious offenses from juvenile court jurisdiction, requiring these cases to be filed directly in adult criminal court.

Question 17

Studies of juvenile waivers have shown that:

Accepted Answer

Studies have consistently shown that juveniles who are waived to adult courts and tried as adults are more likely to reoffend than those who are adjudicated in juvenile courts for similar offenses. This is often attributed to the harsher environments, stigmatization, and less rehabilitative focus of the adult criminal justice system compared to the juvenile justice system.

Question 18

Under the philosophy of _____________, juvenile courts viewed their mission as helping troublesome, neglected, or abandoned children overcome their difficulties, not punishing them.

Accepted Answer

The philosophy of "parens patriae" allows the state to step in and act as a guardian for children, juveniles, and others who are unable to care for themselves. This principle underlies the mission of juvenile courts to help rather than punish troubled youth.

Question 19

The U.S. Supreme Court maintained a ______________ policy with regard to juvenile issues until 1948.

Accepted Answer

The U.S. Supreme Court maintained a hands-off policy regarding juvenile issues until 1948, generally allowing states and local jurisdictions to handle these matters without federal intervention.

Question 20

In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court rule that the Fourteenth Amendment does prohibit the police from violating the due process clause in obtaining confessions from juveniles and that confessions obtained in this fashion are inadmissible in court?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which case did the U.S. Supreme...

Quiz 8: Juvenile Justice