Question 1

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) require

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) require
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Question 2

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) require

Accepted Answer

EPSPs are typically generated when a neurotransmitter binds to a ligand-gated ion channel, leading to the influx of positive ions (such as Na+) into the neuron, making the inside of the neuron more positive and thus closer to the threshold for generating an action potential.

Question 3

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) result from

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) result from
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Question 4

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) result from

Accepted Answer

EPSPs occur when sodium ions (Na+) enter the postsynaptic neuron, making the inside of the neuron more positive and thus more likely to fire an action potential.

Question 5

Otto Loewi's Vagusstoff (vagus stuff) was

Accepted Answer

Otto Loewi's experiments on the vagus nerve of frogs led to the discovery of the chemical nature of nerve impulses, where he identified "Vagusstoff" as acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter to be discovered.

Question 6

When Otto Loewi placed the solution surrounding a frog heart whose heartbeat had been altered by vagal nerve stimulation into a second container with another frog heart, why did the second frog heart change its heartbeat similarly?

Accepted Answer

The second frog heart changed its heartbeat similarly because the solution contained neurotransmitters that were released by the vagal nerve stimulation of the first heart, demonstrating chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

Question 7

Why is losing myelin in multiple sclerosis so devastating?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why is losing myelin in multiple sclerosis...

Question 8

What determines how frequently an action potential can be generated?

Accepted Answer

The refractory period determines how frequently an action potential can be generated because it is the time during which a neuron is unable to fire another action potential, thus directly influencing the maximum firing rate of the neuron.

Question 9

Neurons expend energy to actively transport which ion outside their membranes?

Accepted Answer

Neurons actively transport sodium (Na+) ions out of their cells to maintain the necessary electrical gradient for nerve impulse transmission.

Question 10

Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

Potassium (K+) ions have the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of cells due to their high permeability across the cell membrane compared to other ions. This is largely because of the numerous potassium channels that are open in the resting state, allowing K+ to move freely in and out of the cell, thus setting the resting membrane potential.

Question 11

Rat pups whose mothers were merely housed with other rats that had endured physical restraint showed _____________ in their orbitofrontal cortex.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Rat pups whose mothers were merely housed...

Question 12

_____________ in pregnant rats can cause physical changes in the orbitofrontal cortex of their prenatal pup's brains.

Accepted Answer

Bystander stress in pregnant rats can lead to physical changes in the orbitofrontal cortex of their prenatal pups' brains, as it can affect the development of the fetal brain through stress-related mechanisms.

Question 13

The exterior of a cell membrane is

Accepted Answer

The exterior of a cell membrane is hydrophilic, meaning it is attracted to water, which allows the cell to interact with its aqueous environment. This is due to the presence of phosphate heads in the phospholipid bilayer that make up the cell membrane, which are hydrophilic.

Question 14

Who coined the term, "synapse"?

Accepted Answer

Charles Sherrington is credited with coining the term "synapse" to describe the junction between neurons.

Question 15

Findings from the Iowa Gambling Task have shown that subjects with frontal lobe damage

Accepted Answer

Subjects with frontal lobe damage often do not show the anticipatory autonomic responses to risk that healthy individuals do, impairing their ability to avoid risky decisions based on emotional cues.

Question 16

Findings from the Iowa Gambling Task have shown that healthy, normal subjects

Accepted Answer

The Iowa Gambling Task has demonstrated that healthy, normal subjects often exhibit autonomic reactions to risk before they become consciously aware of the risk. This suggests that the body can sense risk and react to it at a subconscious level before the mind has fully processed the information.

Question 17

The anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortical areas are the only two areas where _____________ neurons are found.

Accepted Answer

The anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortical areas are the only two areas where von Economo neurons are found. These neurons are thought to be involved in social cognition and self-awareness.

Question 18

Von Economo neurons are also known as

Accepted Answer

Von Economo neurons are also known as spindle cells due to their unique spindle-shaped soma.

Question 19

Protein structures which form pores in the neuronal cell membrane are called

Accepted Answer

Ion channels are protein structures that form pores in the neuronal cell membrane, allowing ions to pass in and out of the neuron, crucial for generating and transmitting electrical signals.

Question 20

Which ion has a higher concentration inside the cell than outside?

Accepted Answer

Potassium ions (K+) have a higher concentration inside the cell than outside, which is crucial for maintaining the cell's resting membrane potential and overall function.

Quiz 3: Cells and Circuits