Question 1

The Following Questions For Readings: Declaration of Helsinki, World Medical Association
-The code set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki declares that at the conclusion of a study, every patient entered into the study should be assured of

Accepted Answer

The Declaration of Helsinki stipulates that at the conclusion of a study, every patient entered into the study should be assured of the best proven treatments identified by the study. This is to ensure that participants benefit from participating in research, especially if the study identifies new, more effective treatments.

Question 2

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Belmont Report," National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
-According to the Belmont Report, the three most relevant moral principles are

Accepted Answer

The Belmont Report outlines three primary ethical principles relevant to the protection of human subjects in research: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. These principles guide the ethical conduct in research involving human subjects.

Question 3

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Belmont Report," National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
-According to the Belmont Report, an autonomous person is an individual capable of deliberation and of

Accepted Answer

An autonomous person, according to the Belmont Report, is someone who can deliberate about personal goals and act under the direction of such deliberation. This emphasizes the capacity for self-determination and making informed decisions.

Question 4

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Belmont Report," National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
-According to the Belmont Report, the principle of beneficence demands that efforts be made to

Accepted Answer

The principle of beneficence, as outlined in the Belmont Report, emphasizes the need to secure the well-being of persons involved in research, ensuring that their welfare is a primary concern.

Question 5

The Following Questions For Readings: "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
-"Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments" documents that subjects were

Accepted Answer

The "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments" revealed instances where subjects were exposed to harmful radiation without their full consent or knowledge, highlighting ethical violations in these experiments.

Question 6

The Following Questions For Readings: "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
-"Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments" documents that human radiation experiments between 1944 and 1974

Accepted Answer

The "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments" indicates that there were nearly 4,000 human radiation experiments conducted between 1944 and 1974, highlighting the extensive nature of these experiments during this period.

Question 7

The Following Questions For Readings: "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
-According to "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," for not protecting the rights and interests of human subjects, government officials and investigators are

Accepted Answer

The report criticizes government officials and investigators for not adequately protecting the rights and interests of human subjects, thus making them blameworthy.

Question 8

The Following Questions For Readings: "Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman
-According to the Hellmans, randomized trials often pit the good of patients against the good of

Accepted Answer

The answer of The Following Questions For Readings: "Of Mice...

Question 9

The Following Questions For Readings: "Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman
-The Hellmans point out that the purpose of the randomized clinical trial is to avoid

Accepted Answer

The Hellmans argue that the purpose of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) is to eliminate observer bias and patient selection bias. RCTs are designed to impartially test the efficacy of treatments by randomly assigning participants to treatment or control groups, thus minimizing the influence of external factors.

Question 10

The Following Questions For Readings: "Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman
-The Hellmans say there are dangers in foregoing clinical trials and relying instead on

Accepted Answer

The Hellmans argue that relying on physician's intuition and anecdotes instead of conducting clinical trials can be dangerous, as it lacks the systematic and controlled approach of clinical trials to accurately assess the efficacy and safety of treatments.

Question 11

The Following Questions For Readings: "A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman
-Freedman argues that true equipoise (a state of doubt about a treatment's effectiveness) does not depend on

Accepted Answer

Freedman argues that true equipoise depends on uncertainty in the physician, meaning that the physician genuinely does not know which treatment is better. This concept is central to ethical clinical trials, as it ensures that patients are not knowingly given inferior treatments.

Question 12

The Following Questions For Readings: "A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman
-Freedman says that true equipoise depends on

Accepted Answer

True equipoise, according to Freedman, hinges on a genuine disagreement within the medical community regarding the value of a treatment, which is due to the absence of solid evidence from randomized clinical trials.

Question 13

The Following Questions For Readings: "A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman
-Freedman suggests that the Kantian argument against the morality of clinical trials is

Accepted Answer

Freedman argues that the Kantian argument against the morality of clinical trials is implausible, suggesting that it does not hold up under scrutiny or in practical application.

Question 14

The Following Questions For Readings: "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt
-Probably the most outrageous and unethical example of unethical research in American history is the

Accepted Answer

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is widely recognized as a profoundly unethical research study conducted on African American men without their informed consent, making it a notorious example of unethical research in American history.

Question 15

The Following Questions For Readings: "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt
-In the early twentieth century, Darwinism provided a new (false) rationale for American

Accepted Answer

Darwinism was misinterpreted and misapplied in the early twentieth century to provide a pseudo-scientific justification for racism, promoting the idea that some races were naturally superior to others.

Question 16

The Following Questions For Readings: "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt
-According to Brandt, the Tuskegee study revealed less about the pathology of syphilis than it did the pathology of

Accepted Answer

The Tuskegee study is often cited as revealing more about the pathology of racism than about the disease it was ostensibly studying, as it involved unethical experimentation on African American men without their informed consent, reflecting deep racial prejudices within the medical and scientific communities.

Question 17

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell
-Angell says that studies comparing a potential new treatment with a placebo are unethical if

Accepted Answer

Angell argues that placebo-controlled studies are unethical if an effective treatment already exists because it means withholding proven therapy from participants, which could harm them.

Question 18

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell
-Angell argues that some trials in developing countries are impermissible because the studies

Accepted Answer

Angell argues that it is unethical to use placebo control groups in clinical trials when a proven effective treatment already exists, as it denies participants the best proven therapeutic method.

Question 19

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell
-According to Angell, in permissible studies, control groups must receive

Accepted Answer

Angell argues that in permissible studies, control groups must receive the "best" current treatment, emphasizing the ethical obligation to provide the highest standard of care available.

Question 20

The Following Questions For Readings: "Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries," Baruch Brody
-Brody argues that in placebo-controlled trials, if no subjects are denied "any treatment that should otherwise be available to him or her in light of the practical realities of health care resources available in the country in question," the trials are

Accepted Answer

Brody's argument suggests that placebo-controlled trials can be ethical if they are conducted in a manner that does not deny participants access to treatments they would normally have access to, given the healthcare resources available in their country. This approach respects the principle of not causing harm to participants by withholding necessary treatment.

Quiz 6: Human Research

The Following Questions For Readings: Declaration of Helsinki, World Medical Association -The code set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki declares that at the conclusion of a study, every patient entered into the study should be assured of

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Belmont Report," National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research -According to the Belmont Report, the three most relevant moral principles are

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Belmont Report," National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research -According to the Belmont Report, an autonomous person is an individual capable of deliberation and of

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Belmont Report," National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research -According to the Belmont Report, the principle of beneficence demands that efforts be made to

The Following Questions For Readings: "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments -"Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments" documents that subjects were

The Following Questions For Readings: "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments -"Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments" documents that human radiation experiments between 1944 and 1974

The Following Questions For Readings: "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments -According to "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," for not protecting the rights and interests of human subjects, government officials and investigators are

The Following Questions For Readings: "Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman -According to the Hellmans, randomized trials often pit the good of patients against the good of

The Following Questions For Readings: "Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman -The Hellmans point out that the purpose of the randomized clinical trial is to avoid

The Following Questions For Readings: "Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman -The Hellmans say there are dangers in foregoing clinical trials and relying instead on

The Following Questions For Readings: "A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman -Freedman argues that true equipoise (a state of doubt about a treatment's effectiveness) does not depend on

The Following Questions For Readings: "A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman -Freedman says that true equipoise depends on

The Following Questions For Readings: "A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman -Freedman suggests that the Kantian argument against the morality of clinical trials is

The Following Questions For Readings: "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt -Probably the most outrageous and unethical example of unethical research in American history is the

The Following Questions For Readings: "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt -In the early twentieth century, Darwinism provided a new (false) rationale for American

The Following Questions For Readings: "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt -According to Brandt, the Tuskegee study revealed less about the pathology of syphilis than it did the pathology of

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell -Angell says that studies comparing a potential new treatment with a placebo are unethical if

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell -Angell argues that some trials in developing countries are impermissible because the studies

The Following Questions For Readings: "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell -According to Angell, in permissible studies, control groups must receive