Question 1

What cell types produce insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol?

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Question 2

Describe the different functions of glycogen in muscle and liver.

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Question 3

Glycogen synthesis requires a short primer chain. Explain how new glycogen molecules are synthesized given this limitation.

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Question 4

Why does PEP have such a high phosphoryl group transfer potential?

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Question 5

In aerobic metabolism oxygen is the ultimate oxidizing agent (electron acceptor). What is the oxidizing agent in anaerobic fermentation?

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Question 6

How does phosphorylation increase the reactivity of glucose?

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Question 7

Explain and contrast the Pasteur and Crabtree effects.

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Question 8

Explain the role of glycogenin in glycogen synthesis.

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Question 9

Describe the physiological condition that activates gluconeogenesis. What prevents competition between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis?

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Question 10

An individual has a genetic condition that prevents the production of glucokinase. Following a carbohydrate meal do you expect blood glucose levels to be high, low or about normal? What organ accumulates glycogen under these circumstances?

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Question 11

Why is fructose metabolized more rapidly than glucose?

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Question 12

Why is it important that gluconeogenesis not be the exact reverse of glycolysis?

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Question 13

Severe dieting results in both the reduction of fat stores and the loss of muscle mass. Trace the conversion of muscle protein to glucose production.

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Question 14

Both glycogen and triacylglycerols are energy sources used by the body. Suggest a reason why both are needed.

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Question 15

List the three principle hormones that regulate glucose metabolism. Briefly explain the effects these molecules have on carbohydrate metabolism.

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Quiz 8: Carbohydrate Metabolism