Dr Harrison Finds That Violent Criminals Are Poor and Live

Dr. Harrison finds that violent criminals are poor and live in cities. He concludes that poverty and urban residence cause violent crime. This conclusion ______.

A) is valid on its face as a causal conclusion
B) violates the principle that correlation does not prove causation
C) violates the requirement that a cause be associated with its effect
D) is valid based on time order of the independent and dependent variables