Question 1

Which of the following is the primary regulator of water excretion?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is the primary regulator of water excretion as it controls the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys.

Question 2

Which of the following is the main buffer in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid system is the main buffer in the extracellular fluid. It helps to maintain the pH of the blood and other extracellular fluids within a narrow range.

Question 3

The juxtaglomerular complex is the site of the production of which enzyme and hormone involved in blood pressure and fluid balance?

Accepted Answer

The juxtaglomerular complex produces renin, an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance by initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a function of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

The conversion of ammonia into urea is a function of the liver, not the kidney. The kidney is involved in the secretion of hydrogen ions, conversion of vitamin D to its active form, and production of uromodulin.

Question 5

A man had a radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. When teaching him about urine function, what would be one of the complications of this surgery that he may develop?

Accepted Answer

Stress incontinence is a common complication after radical prostatectomy due to potential damage to the sphincter muscles or nerves controlling urination.

Question 6

A woman is complaining that she often gets a strong need to urinate and then she sometimes "wets herself" because she cannot make it to the bathroom in time. The type of incontinence she is describing is:

Accepted Answer

The symptoms described are characteristic of urge incontinence, where there is a sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by involuntary leakage.

Question 7

A patient has a serum creatinine level of 2.5 mg/dL, a serum potassium level of 6 mEq/L, an arterial pH of 7.32, and a urine output of 250 mL/day. Which phase of acute kidney injury is the patient experiencing?

Accepted Answer

The patient is experiencing the oliguric phase of acute kidney injury, characterized by low urine output (less than 400 mL/day), elevated serum creatinine, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis (indicated by low arterial pH).

Question 8

Progression of chronic kidney disease is thought to occur as a result of:

Accepted Answer

Intraglomerular hypertension and glomerular hypertrophy are key mechanisms that contribute to the progression of chronic kidney disease by causing further damage to the glomeruli and leading to a decline in kidney function.

Question 9

The definition and criteria used to diagnosis chronic kidney disease is the:

Accepted Answer

Chronic kidney disease is primarily diagnosed based on a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) over a period of time, typically less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m² for three months or more.

Question 10

A 65-year-old man is admitted to the intensive care unit from the operating room after a triple coronary artery bypass graft. He is intubated and on a ventilator. Lactic acid levels were normal postoperatively, but now they are rising. The increased level could be an indication of:

Accepted Answer

Rising lactic acid levels can indicate tissue hypoperfusion or hypoxia, which is often seen in conditions like bowel ischemia.

Question 11

Which of the following statements describes a cellular membrane exchange process that is active?

Accepted Answer

The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport process that moves sodium out of cells and potassium into cells against their concentration gradients, requiring energy in the form of ATP.

Question 12

The canola plants genome is altered to produce an herbicide resistant crop. The canola oil produced from this crop is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

The canola oil produced from herbicide-resistant canola plants is an example of genetically modified food because the plant's genome has been altered to exhibit a specific trait, in this case, herbicide resistance.

Question 13

A 30-year-old man has a history of heart transplant and is receiving long-term steroids to prevent rejection. The patient is due for routine vaccines. Attenuated vaccines are contraindicated in this patient because the antigen is:

Accepted Answer

Attenuated vaccines are contraindicated in immunocompromised patients because the live antigen can cause infection.

Question 14

Plasma protein inflammatory mediator systems include:

Accepted Answer

The plasma protein inflammatory mediator systems include the complement, clotting, and kinin systems, which play roles in inflammation and immune responses.

Question 15

Which of the following types of vitamin or mineral deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and is associated with lower extremity paresthesias?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause megaloblastic anemia and is associated with neurological symptoms such as lower extremity paresthesias.

Question 16

Anemia of chronic inflammation is generally classified as:

Accepted Answer

Anemia of chronic inflammation is typically normochromic and normocytic, meaning the red blood cells are of normal color and size, but their production is reduced due to chronic disease.

Question 17

A hemoglobin electrophoresis is done to evaluate for sickle cell disease. The report reveals the person has HbAS, which means the person:

Accepted Answer

HbAS indicates that the person has one normal hemoglobin gene (A) and one sickle cell gene (S), making them a carrier of sickle cell trait but not having sickle cell disease themselves.

Question 18

Primary hypercholesteremia is often a result of:

Accepted Answer

Primary hypercholesteremia is often caused by mutations in the LDL receptor, which lead to defects in the breakdown and clearance of LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream.

Question 19

The early stages of atheroma development is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The early stages of atheroma development is...

Question 20

Pain in the lower extremities due to peripheral artery disease usually worsens:

Accepted Answer

Pain in peripheral artery disease, known as claudication, typically worsens with elevation of the extremity because it reduces blood flow to the area, exacerbating ischemia.

Quiz 15: Cellular Exchange, Genetics, Immunity, and Cardiovascular System