Question 1

Which of the following accurately describes a physiologic change in adults as they progress in age?
A)Maximal stroke volume increases with advancing age
B)Skeletal muscles receive greater blood flow
C)Decreased arterial compliance can cause elevated blood pressure during rest and exercise
D)Compliance of lung tissue decreases with age

Accepted Answer

A physiological change encountered as adults progress in age is decreased arterial compliance leading to elevated blood pressure during rest and exercise. Additionally, maximal stroke volume decreases, skeletal muscle receive less blood flow, and compliance of lung tissue increases. All are considerations when planning fitness regimens for older adults.

Question 2

Why are children less efficient at thermoregulation than adults?
A)Children's sweat rate is much higher than adult's
B)Children's sweat rate is much lower than adult's
C)Children have a comparably smaller surface area than adults which allows greater heat exchange
D)Children's ratio of surface area to body mass causes slower heat loss in the cold

Accepted Answer

Children are less efficient at thermoregulation for several reasons, to include they have a much slower sweat rate than adults. Their body surface relative to body mass is greater than an adults, which allows a greater rate if heat exchange and risk of extreme temperature disorders or injury.

Question 3

Which of the following does not accurately represent a risk factor grouping for age-related bone loss?
A)Being of Jewish or African descent, female, heavy-set build, and sedentary
B)Being of Asian or Caucasian descent, female, petite
C)Having a family history of osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, chronic steroid use
D)Alcoholism, cigarette smoking, and calcium deficiency

Accepted Answer

All of these groupings are representative of risk factors for age-related bone loss except being of Jewish or African descent and a heavy-set build, though being female and sedentary are correct risk factors.

Question 4

Which bioenergetic pathway can use carbohydrates, fats, and a limited amount of protein to synthesize ATP?
A)Phosphagen system
B)Nonoxidative system
C)Oxidative system
D)Krebs cycle

Accepted Answer

The oxidative system, or aerobic one, can use carbohydrates, fats, and a limited amount of protein to synthesize ATP. Oxygen is required for the pathway to proceed and its byproducts are water and carbon dioxide.

Question 5

Poor balance, postural hypotension, medications, weakness, and degenerated eyesight are all risk factors for what advanced age related incident?
A)Dementia
B)Decreased reaction time
C)Falling
D)Changes in normal gait

Accepted Answer

Poor balance, postural hypotension, medications, weakness, and degenerated eyesight are all risk factors for falling. As age increases, the risk of falling at least once per year also increases greatly. Falls causing fractures are a significant health risk to older adults with their decreased bone density.

Question 6

What anatomical regions produce chondrocytes that undergo ossification and add bone tissue to bones?
A)Bone marrow
B)Epiphyseal plates
C)Diaphysis
D)Bone shaft

Accepted Answer

The epiphyseal plates produce chondrocytes that undergo ossification and add bone tissue to bones. This allows bones to grow until these plates close due to the hormonal changes of puberty.

Question 7

At what level does the anaerobic threshold reach the ventilatory breakpoint in an untrained individual?
A)At 10% of their maximal aerobic capacity
B)At 30% of their maximal aerobic capacity
C)At 55% of their maximal aerobic capacity
D)At 80% of their maximal aerobic capacity

Accepted Answer

The anaerobic threshold reaches the ventilatory breakpoint in an untrained individual at approximately 55% of their maximal aerobic capacity. In endurance-trained athletes this breakpoint is much higher, at 80-85% their maximal aerobic capacity.

Question 8

What is the complex process that involves interactions of genetics, lifestyle, and disease?
A)Human development
B)Human growth
C)Aging
D)Adolescence

Accepted Answer

The complex process that involves interactions of genetics, lifestyle, and disease is known as aging. The variables of aging and how they affect the body must be considered during planning in the health and fitness industry.

Question 9

Which of the pathways is called the anaerobic one due to its ability to function with no oxygen requirement?
A)Nonoxidative system
B)Oxidative system
C)Phosphagen system
D)Bioenergetic system

Accepted Answer

The nonoxidative system is called the anaerobic one due to its ability to function with no oxygen requirement. This pathway uses carbohydrates to produce ATP.

Question 10

An individual's total number of muscle fibers is a fixed amount by the time of adolescence, but what type of muscular growth changes can still occur beyond this developmental stage?
A)Muscle atrophy resulting in increased muscle mass
B)Muscle hypertrophy resulting in increased muscle mass
C)No changes are possible to affect muscle growth past puberty except cutting overall body fat percentage for improved appearance of muscle
D)Affecting hormonal rates through medical intervention to increase muscle fiber counts

Accepted Answer

An individual's total number of muscle fibers is a fixed amount by the time of adolescence, but muscle hypertrophy resulting in increased muscle mass can still occur beyond this developmental stage. This is an increase in the size of the muscle fiber, but not the actual number of fibers present.

Question 11

In what areas do adolescent girls usually outperform boys of that age group?
A)Areas requiring gross motor skills
B)Areas requiring fine motor skills
C)Areas requiring strength
D)Areas requiring quantitative skills

Accepted Answer

Adolescent girls usually outperform boys of that age group in areas requiring fine motor skills. Boys outperform girls in gross motor and strength, while there is wide variety of difference in quantitative skills.

Question 12

Which factors are true physiologically of children as related to exercise?
A)Lower heart rate and hemoglobin concentration and increased blood flow through muscles
B)Higher heart rate and blood flow through muscles, lower hemoglobin concentration
C)Higher blood pressure and hemoglobin concentration
D)Lower blood pressure and higher hemoglobin concentration

Accepted Answer

Physiological factors that relate to exercise for children are higher heart rate and blood flow through muscles and lower hemoglobin concentration. Their blood pressure is lower than an adult's while resting and during exercise.

Question 13

Although it makes energy immediately available for use, which energy pathway can only support about 30 seconds of sustained activity of all-out effort?
A)The nonoxidative system
B)The oxidative system
C)The phosphagen system
D)Kreb's cycle

Accepted Answer

Although it makes energy immediately available for use, the phosphagen system can only support about 30 seconds of sustained activity of all-out effort. The enzyme creatine kinase breaks down phosphocreatine so that the phosphate group can be added to ADP to create ATP.

Question 14

What is the physiological reason behind increased bone loss associated with advanced age?
A)Bones break more easily in older adults because of decreased bone density
B)People who had insufficient calcium intake during adolescence have bones that are more susceptible to bone loss in advanced age
C)The bone remodeling process which replaces bone can no longer keep up with the rate of bone absorption
D)Menopause

Accepted Answer

The physiological reason behind increased bone loss associated with advanced age is that the bone remodeling process which replaces bone can no longer keep up with the rate of bone absorption, thus bone loss is the result. This occurs naturally with age, but is seen much more in women after menopause and in certain groups with increased risk factors.

Question 15

What is the process during embryonic development that replaces the cartilage with bone tissue?
A)Epiphysis
B)Diaphysis
C)Epiphyseal ossification
D)Endochondral ossification

Accepted Answer

The process during embryonic development that replaces the cartilage with bone tissue is called endochondral ossification. The various bones and locations on the bones go through this process at different rates during development.

Question 16

The exercise intensity at which the body will shift to another bioenergetic system if adequate oxygen is not supplied is called what?
A)Lactate threshold
B)Aerobic threshold
C)Adenosine threshold
D)Nonoxidative threshold

Accepted Answer

The lactate threshold is the exercise intensity at which the body will shift to another bioenergetic system if adequate oxygen is not supplied. Also called the anaerobic threshold, when this shift occurs, there becomes an accumulation of lactate, thus the name.

Question 17

What can be the result of the decrease in extensibility of connective tissues caused by the degradation and increased cross-linkage of collagen fibers?
A)Osteoarthritis
B)Hip fractures
C)Osteoporosis
D)Loss of flexibility

Accepted Answer

Loss of flexibility can be the result of the decrease in extensibility of connective tissues caused by the degradation and increased cross-linkage of collagen fibers. The tensile strength of the fibers is decreased, which lends to stiffness and decreased range of motion at the joint.

Question 18

What term refers to the body acquiring, converting, storing, and utilizing energy?
A)Oxidative pathway
B)Bioenergetics
C)Biomechanics
D)Phosphagen capacity

Accepted Answer

Bioenergetics refers to the body acquiring, converting, storing, and utilizing energy. This energy is derived from the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate into adenosine diphosphate.

Question 19

To ensure safety and effectiveness, what considerations must be kept in mind when designing an exercise program?
A)Age, medical history, and functional abilities
B)Only lifestyle and medical history, because all other variables can be changed by the design of the program created for the client
C)Age and lifestyle
D)Medical history

Accepted Answer

To ensure safety and effectiveness, age, medical history, and functional abilities must be kept in mind when designing an exercise program. Specifically, children, adolescents, and older adults have some physiological considerations to take into account during the planning of exercise programs.

Question 20

At what age does bone mass reach its peak level in both males and females?
A)Puberty
B)16-18yrs
C)20-25yrs
D)25-30yrs

Accepted Answer

Bone mass reaches its peak level in both males and females at about 25-30 years of age. Strenuous exercise or injuries that occur prior to this time can result in disruptions to the normal growth pattern of the bone.

Exam 4: Exercise Programming and Implementation

Which of the following accurately describes a physiologic change in adults as they progress in age?

Why are children less efficient at thermoregulation than adults?

Which of the following does not accurately represent a risk factor grouping for age-related bone loss?

Which bioenergetic pathway can use carbohydrates, fats, and a limited amount of protein to synthesize ATP?

Poor balance, postural hypotension, medications, weakness, and degenerated eyesight are all risk factors for what advanced age related incident?

What anatomical regions produce chondrocytes that undergo ossification and add bone tissue to bones?

At what level does the anaerobic threshold reach the ventilatory breakpoint in an untrained individual?

What is the complex process that involves interactions of genetics, lifestyle, and disease?

Which of the pathways is called the anaerobic one due to its ability to function with no oxygen requirement?

An individual's total number of muscle fibers is a fixed amount by the time of adolescence, but what type of muscular growth changes can still occur beyond this developmental stage?

In what areas do adolescent girls usually outperform boys of that age group?

Which factors are true physiologically of children as related to exercise?

Although it makes energy immediately available for use, which energy pathway can only support about 30 seconds of sustained activity of all-out effort?

What is the physiological reason behind increased bone loss associated with advanced age?

What is the process during embryonic development that replaces the cartilage with bone tissue?

The exercise intensity at which the body will shift to another bioenergetic system if adequate oxygen is not supplied is called what?

What can be the result of the decrease in extensibility of connective tissues caused by the degradation and increased cross-linkage of collagen fibers?

What term refers to the body acquiring, converting, storing, and utilizing energy?

To ensure safety and effectiveness, what considerations must be kept in mind when designing an exercise program?

At what age does bone mass reach its peak level in both males and females?