Question 1

In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. In order to correctly perform this task, a subject must learn
A)paired associations.
B)serial patterns.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)serial representations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In an ordered behavior task, a response...

Question 2

Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in a simultaneous stimulus array procedure. After training, which of the following sets of test stimuli will lead to the longest latency to press the first key?
A)C, B
B)A, E
C)E, D
D)A, D

Accepted Answer

The answer of Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in...

Question 3

A dog is trained to fetch sodas from the refrigerator. It knows to first go the refrigerator. Once at the refrigerator, it knows to pull on the door. When the door is open, it knows to grab the can. With the can in its mouth, it knows to return to its master. This dog probably learned
A)serial patterns.
B)serial representations.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)paired associates.

Accepted Answer

The dog's behavior demonstrates stimulus-response associations, where each action (stimulus) leads to a specific response (e.g., seeing the refrigerator prompts the dog to pull on the door). This chain of actions and reactions is characteristic of stimulus-response learning.

Question 4

Perceptual concepts involve
A)generalization within a category.
B)discrimination within a category.
C)generalization between categories.
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of Perceptual concepts involve
A)generalization within a category.
B)discrimination within...

Question 5

Which theory assumes that concept learning is due to responding to certain stimulus aspects that members of a perceptual category have in common?
A)similarity approach
B)exemplar approach
C)prototype approach
D)common feature approach

Accepted Answer

The common feature approach assumes that concept learning is based on identifying the common features or attributes that are shared by members of a category. Therefore, this theory assumes that concept learning is due to responding to certain stimulus aspects that members of a perceptual category have in common.

Question 6

In order to respond correctly in tests of perceptual concept learning, a dolphin must
A)respond similarly to members of different categories if they share similar elements.
B)respond differently to members of the same category if they have different elements.
C)respond similarly to members of different categories even if they are very different.
D)respond similarly to members of the same category even if they have different elements.

Accepted Answer

Dolphins, in tests of perceptual concept learning, must recognize and respond similarly to members of the same category despite variations in elements among those members. This ability demonstrates their understanding of the concept that defines the category, rather than responding based on individual, differing elements.

Question 7

Data from a study with baboons exposed to four letter word or non-word stimuli to see if they could learn to distinguish between words and random combinations of letters suggest that
A)they could use only S-R cues to discriminate.
B)they could use only S-R and S-S cues to discriminate.
C)they could use orthographic information to discriminate.
D)they could not discriminate above chance between words and non-words.

Accepted Answer

The study suggests that the baboons were able to use orthographic information (i.e. the visual pattern of letters) to discriminate between words and non-words. This rules out option D, which states that they could not discriminate above chance. Options A and B suggest that the baboons could only use simple stimulus-response (S-R) or stimulus-stimulus (S-S) cues to discriminate, which is not supported by the study.

Question 8

Studies of perceptual concept learning suggest that
A)only humans form true perceptual concepts.
B)only primates form true perceptual concepts.
C)only primates and dolphins form true perceptual concepts.
D)many species, including pigeons, form true perceptual concepts.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that many species, including pigeons, can form true perceptual concepts. This is based on experiments where animals are trained to categorize stimuli based on common features, showing that they can recognize and separate stimuli into distinct categories.

Question 9

In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. This type of task is called
A)paired associate learning.
B)a response chain.
C)serial pattern learning.
D)serial representation learning.

Accepted Answer

The given task, where a response to one stimulus leads to the presentation of another stimulus which then leads to another response, is called a response chain. This is the definition of choice B. Paired associate learning typically involves pairing two unrelated stimuli, such as a word and a picture, while serial pattern and representation learning usually refer to tasks involving the recognition and reproduction of sequences of stimuli, rather than specific responses to those stimuli.

Question 10

The common elements approach to perceptual concept learning suggests that organisms form perceptual concepts based on
A)prototypes of the perceptual category.
B)geotypes of the perceptual category.
C)shared critical features of members of the perceptual category.
D)different combinations of shared features of members of the perceptual category.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The common elements approach to perceptual concept...

Question 11

After learning to press five keys, "A" through "E," in alphabetical order, monkeys were given tests in which subsets of two keys were presented. A comparison of the latencies to press the second key revealed that as the number of letters missing between the two test keys increased, (BD)versus (BE)for example, the latency to press the second key _____, suggesting that the monkeys were subject to the symbolic distance effect.
A)remained the same
B)increased
C)decreased
D)increased if the first key was "A" or "B," and decreased if the first key was "C" or "D" ("E" could not be the first key)

Accepted Answer

The symbolic distance effect is the phenomenon where the reaction time increases as the distance between two items in a hierarchy increases. In this case, the monkeys learned the alphabet as a hierarchy, so as the letters between the two test keys increased, the symbolic distance increased, and the reaction time to press the second key also increased. Therefore, the correct answer is B - increased.

Question 12

Discriminating between which of the following would demonstrate abstract concept formation?
A)natural and artificial
B)red and orange
C)males and females
D)same and different

Accepted Answer

Discriminating between "same" and "different" requires the ability to understand an abstract concept that transcends specific categories and applies across all objects and stimuli. It is not based on a physical characteristic or a specific category, unlike the other options.

Question 13

In order to correctly perform the behavior required of a response chain, a subject must learn
A)S-R associations.
B)paired associations.
C)R-O associations.
D)All of the above

Accepted Answer

Response chains involve a series of S-R (stimulus-response) associations in which each response serves as a stimulus for the next response. Therefore, to perform the behavior required of a response chain, a subject must learn these S-R associations. Paired associations (B) refer to learning that occurs when two events are repeatedly presented together, whereas R-O (response-outcome) associations (C) refer to learning that occurs when a response leads to a particular outcome or consequence. While both paired and R-O associations can be involved in learning, they are not specific to response chains.

Question 14

Monkeys were trained to press five buttons, "A" through "E," in alphabetical order. When presented with the smaller subset of keys "B" and "D," they were able to press these keys in order also. This suggests the monkeys learned
A)paired associates.
B)response-outcome associations.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)serial representations.

Accepted Answer

The monkeys' ability to press the buttons in alphabetical order, even when presented with a smaller subset, suggests they learned the sequence or order of the buttons, which is indicative of serial representations. This means they understood the sequence as a whole rather than just individual button associations.

Question 15

Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in a simultaneous stimulus array procedure. After training, which of the following sets of test stimuli will lead to the longest latency to press the second key?
A)E, A
B)B, C
C)C, B
D)D, B

Accepted Answer

The longest latency to press the second key would likely occur when the sequence of test stimuli is most different from the trained sequence, causing confusion or hesitation. If the trained sequence was A, B, C, D, E (or similar), then a sequence that starts with a stimulus from the end of the training sequence (like E) followed by one from the beginning (like A) would be most unfamiliar and thus lead to the longest latency.

Question 16

Evidence from drug studies, clinical disorders, and transgenic mice suggests which neurotransmitter is important for timing?
A)norepinepherine
B)dopamine
C)serotonin
D)acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that dopamine plays a significant role in timing behavior, particularly in tasks that require timing in the millisecond to second range. This has been observed in both drug studies and clinical disorders such as Parkinson's disease, where dopamine deficiency leads to timing deficits. Additionally, experiments using transgenic mice with altered dopamine receptor expression also support the importance of this neurotransmitter in timing.

Question 17

Evidence of generalization to novel exemplars is used to support
A)a paired associate learning interpretation.
B)a stimulus-response learning interpretation.
C)a concept-learning interpretation.
D)a serial pattern learning interpretation.

Accepted Answer

Generalization to novel exemplars is a hallmark of concept learning, which involves categorizing stimuli based on their shared features or properties. In contrast, paired associate learning and stimulus-response learning involve learning specific associations between stimuli and responses, and serial pattern learning involves learning the sequential order of stimuli. Therefore, the best choice is C) a concept-learning interpretation.

Question 18

A cat is trained to fetch a piece of balled paper. The cat has learned that the sound of the paper being crumpled means that the game is on. The game being on tells the cat that the paper is about to fly. Seeing the flying paper means that it is time for the hunt. Grabbing the paper lets the cat know that a treat is waiting. This cat must have learned
A)paired associates.
B)a serial pattern.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)serial representations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A cat is trained to fetch a...

Question 19

In a careful study of tool use in apes and crows, the researchers found
A)that only the ape behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.
B)that only the crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.
C)that both ape and crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.
D)that neither ape nor crow behavior reflected causal knowledge of the task.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a careful study of tool use...

Question 20

A simultaneous presentation of all response choices in a serial order task cannot be solved by learning
A)a serial pattern.
B)serial representations.
C)stimulus-response associations.
D)paired associates.

Accepted Answer

In a serial order task, the order of presentation of response choices is crucial for successful completion of the task. In a simultaneous presentation, the learner cannot rely on the serial position of the items to guide their response, but must instead use stimulus-response associations to choose the correct response. Learning a serial pattern or serial representations would not be effective in this situation because the order of the response choices is not fixed. Paired associates are also not relevant to this type of task. Therefore, the only effective choice for solving a simultaneous presentation of all response choices in a serial order task is using stimulus-response associations.

Quiz 12: Comparative Cognition II

In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. In order to correctly perform this task, a subject must learn

Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in a simultaneous stimulus array procedure. After training, which of the following sets of test stimuli will lead to the longest latency to press the first key?

A dog is trained to fetch sodas from the refrigerator. It knows to first go the refrigerator. Once at the refrigerator, it knows to pull on the door. When the door is open, it knows to grab the can. With the can in its mouth, it knows to return to its master. This dog probably learned

Perceptual concepts involve

Which theory assumes that concept learning is due to responding to certain stimulus aspects that members of a perceptual category have in common?

In order to respond correctly in tests of perceptual concept learning, a dolphin must

Data from a study with baboons exposed to four letter word or non-word stimuli to see if they could learn to distinguish between words and random combinations of letters suggest that

Studies of perceptual concept learning suggest that

In an ordered behavior task, a response to stimulus A results in the presentation of stimulus B. Responding to B results in C, and so forth. This type of task is called

The common elements approach to perceptual concept learning suggests that organisms form perceptual concepts based on

Discriminating between which of the following would demonstrate abstract concept formation?

In order to correctly perform the behavior required of a response chain, a subject must learn

Monkeys were trained to press five buttons, "A" through "E," in alphabetical order. When presented with the smaller subset of keys "B" and "D," they were able to press these keys in order also. This suggests the monkeys learned

Monkeys were trained to respond sequentially in a simultaneous stimulus array procedure. After training, which of the following sets of test stimuli will lead to the longest latency to press the second key?

Evidence from drug studies, clinical disorders, and transgenic mice suggests which neurotransmitter is important for timing?

Evidence of generalization to novel exemplars is used to support

In a careful study of tool use in apes and crows, the researchers found

A simultaneous presentation of all response choices in a serial order task cannot be solved by learning