Question 1

Luther argued that the penalty of sin continues so long as
A)the buying of indulgences continues.
B)hatred of self continues.
C)the rule of the pope continues.
D)the wealth of the church continues.
E)the rule of princes continues.

Accepted Answer

Luther believed that true penance involved a hatred of one's own sin and a sincere desire to repent. He argued that the penalty of sin could not be removed simply by buying indulgences, submitting to the pope's authority, or relying on the wealth of the church or the rule of princes. Rather, it required a genuine spiritual transformation characterized by a recognition of one's own unworthiness and a turning away from sin.

Question 2

The followers of Luther, as a whole, believed that women
A)were in all respects equal to men since they, too, would die and "stand naked before their Creator."
B)should be given all the rights of men, except those in the public sphere.
C)should marry and be silent and obedient.
D)were less carnal than men.
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

The followers of Luther believed that women were inferior to men and should marry and be silent and obedient to their husbands. This was a common belief among many religious groups during the time period.

Question 3

Though they would have a long-term impact, Wycliffe's ideas were rejected in the fourteenth century mainly because
A)Wycliffe's arguments were too academic to have an impact on average people.
B)Wycliffe was not able to attract significant support from the English nobility.
C)the Peasant Revolt of 1381 had adopted many of his demands before it was defeated.
D)Wycliffe's charisma and confident leadership aroused distrust.
E)the church placed an interdict on England until his ideas were suppressed.

Accepted Answer

C

Question 4

For Luther the final religious authority was
A)a church council.
B)an individual's conscience.
C)the local prince.
D)the Bible.
E)the consensus of the faithful.

Accepted Answer

Luther believed that the ultimate and final religious authority was the Bible, which he saw as the word of God. He rejected the authority of the pope and church councils, and emphasized the importance of individual interpretation of scripture, based on conscience and faith.

Question 5

Which of the following statements concerning humanists and religion is NOT correct?
A)Humanists called for reform and renewal of the church.
B)The Protestant Reformation originated in elite circles of humanistic scholars.
C)Humanists used their techniques to disprove the validity of documents that asserted papal authority.
D)The clergy's government of the faithful vexed the humanists.
E)The course of the Reformation brought a new form of Christianity, rather than the reform of the Catholic church from within, as humanists as advocated.

Accepted Answer

The Protestant Reformation did not originate solely in elite circles of humanistic scholars. While humanists played a role in the Reformation, it was a complex movement with many different factors contributing to its development.

Question 6

According to the text, the main reason why the church did not immediately condemn Luther was
A)political; the pope had to weigh the influence of the Elector of Saxony, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the kings of Spain, France, and England.
B)intellectual; the initial support that much of the Catholic clergy gave Luther.
C)Cultural; officials in Rome could not take the activities of a German monk seriously.
D)institutional; the internal weakness of the Church; the papacy was being challenged by the Conciliar Movement.
E)social; the limited impact Luther's ideas were having.

Accepted Answer

The text states that the main reason why the church did not immediately condemn Luther was political, as the pope had to weigh the influence of various political powers in Europe.

Question 7

The founder of the Protestant Reformation was
A)the Frenchman, Peter Waldo.
B)the Englishman, John Wycliffe.
C)the Czech, Jan Hus.
D)the Dutchman, Desiderius Erasmus.
E)the German, Martin Luther.

Accepted Answer

Martin Luther, a German theologian and monk, is considered the founder of the Protestant Reformation. He challenged the Roman Catholic Church's teachings and practices, which led to a split in Christianity and the formation of Protestantism. While the other individuals listed also played significant roles in religious reform movements, Luther's actions had the greatest impact on the course of Western Christianity.

Question 8

According to Luther, the gulf between God and humans could only be bridged by
A)a priest.
B)the sacraments.
C)church ceremonies.
D)confinement in convents and monasteries.
E)a personal relationship with God.

Accepted Answer

Luther believed that the individual should have a direct and personal relationship with God, without the need for intermediaries such as priests or sacraments. He believed that redemption came through faith alone, and that salvation could be attained through a personal connection with God.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of both John Wycliffe and Jan Hus?
A)Both were burned at the stake.
B)Both were masters at Oxford University.
C)Both attacked the wealth of the church.
D)Both were supported by members of the nobility and did not advocate political revolution.
E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Both John Wycliffe and Jan Hus criticized the wealth and corruption of the church. However, Wycliffe was not burned at the stake, and Hus was not a master at Oxford University.

Question 10

Choose the correct sequence of events.
A)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion, the beginning of the English Reformation
B)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , the beginning of the English Reformation, Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion
C)Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , French wars of religion, founding of the Society of Jesus, Presbyterianism in Scotland
D)German Peasants' Revolt, Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , the English Revolution, Anabaptist rule in Münster
E)beginning of the English R eformation, Luther's Ninety-Five Theses , Calvin's reformation in Geneva, French wars of religion

Accepted Answer

Luther's Ninety-Five Theses were posted in 1517, the English Reformation began in the 1530s, Calvin's reformation in Geneva started in the 1540s, and the French wars of religion occurred from 1562 to 1598.

Question 11

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation was
A)issued by the papacy to gain support in its fight against Luther.
B)written by Luther to implore the nobility to suppress the 1525 German Peasants' Revolt.
C)issued by the Elector of Saxony to promote Luther's cause.
D)written by Luther to, among other reasons, remind the Germans about papal exploitation.
E)issued by Emperor Charles V announcing the condemnation of Luther.

Accepted Answer

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation was a treatise written by Martin Luther in 1520 to criticize the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church, including its exploitation of the German people. It was addressed to the German nobility to encourage them to support reform and break away from the Church's control.

Question 12

The publication of the Ninety-Five Theses was prompted by the
A)activities of Tetzel.
B)excommunication of Luther.
C)need of Catholic authorities to respond to Luther.
D)public's desire to know the specific charges against Luther.
E)plot of Luther's enemies to get him in trouble.

Accepted Answer

The Ninety-Five Theses were primarily a response to the activities of Tetzel, a seller of indulgences who claimed that buying indulgences could release souls from purgatory. Luther saw this practice as a corruption of Catholic doctrine and a violation of the principle of salvation through faith alone. The publication of the Theses was an attempt to demonstrate the problems with indulgences and to encourage debate within the Catholic Church.

Question 13

Millenarianism (millenarian thinking)held that
A)the church's corruption is tied to the Antichrist and the whore of Babylon.
B)prophecies of divine intervention in the world were about to be fulfilled.
C)the millennium - a thousand-year rule of justice and peace - was at hand.
D)sin would be destroyed and paradise will arise.
E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Millenarianism involved a combination of beliefs, including the idea that the church was corrupt and tied to the Antichrist and the whore of Babylon, the belief in imminent fulfillment of prophecies of divine intervention in the world, and the expectation of a thousand-year rule of justice and peace, during which sin would be destroyed and paradise would arise. Therefore, all of the above choices represent aspects of millenarian thinking.

Question 14

The new religiosity in the Late Middle Ages included all of the following EXCEPT
A)mysticism and a widespread desire for a direct contact between God and the individual.
B)millenarian thinking.
C)Church condemnation of the devotio moderna .
D)communities of clergy and laity called the Brethren of the Common Life.
E)an application of humanism to Christianity.

Accepted Answer

The new religiosity in the Late Middle Ages included mysticism, a widespread desire for direct contact with God, millenarian thinking, the establishment of communities of clergy and laity called the Brethren of the Common Life, and an application of humanism to Christianity. The Church did, however, condemn the devotio moderna, a spiritual movement that emphasized inner piety and meditation.

Question 15

Which of the following would NOT be consistent with Luther's and Calvin's views on predestination?
A)God freely decides to whom he will grant faith and to whom he will not; only those to whom he has granted faith can go to heaven.
B)No matter how devout or how many truly good works a person has performed, he is predestined to hell if God has decided not to grant him faith.
C)Those predestined by God to go to heaven are the elect, the rest are the damned.
D)With proper piety and humility, a person may know with certainty whether or not he has been granted salvation.
E)God's omniscience and omnipotence requires the concept of predestination.

Accepted Answer

Luther and Calvin believed in the doctrine of predestination, which holds that God has already predetermined who will be saved and who will be damned. They believed that only those to whom God has granted faith will be saved, and that there is nothing a person can do to earn salvation. However, they also believed that a person could have a sense of assurance that they were among the elect, based on their piety, humility, and adherence to Christian teachings. Therefore, choice D, which suggests that a person can know with certainty whether or not they have been granted salvation, is not inconsistent with Luther's and Calvin's views on predestination.

Question 16

At the outbreak of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church
A)was still accustomed to influence all aspects of European life despite its recent troubles.
B)had been criticized for centuries for neglecting its primary spiritual mission.
C)was criticized for being preoccupied with wealth and power.
D)was being challenged by humanists newly empowered by the success of the Renaissance.
E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

All of the above statements are true. The Catholic Church was still accustomed to wielding significant influence over all aspects of European life, despite its recent troubles such as the Avignon Papacy and the Western Schism. The criticism that the Church had neglected its primary spiritual mission had been mounting for centuries, with figures such as Dante and Petrarch expressing their dissatisfaction with the state of the Church. Additionally, the accumulation of wealth and power by the Church had also come under fire. Finally, humanists who were inspired by the success of the Renaissance were challenging the authority and teachings of the Church.

Question 17

The two passages in the Bible that spoke to Luther concerning faith and grace both came from the book of
A)John.
B)Corinthians.
C)Acts.
D)Matthew.
E)Romans.

Accepted Answer

The two passages that spoke to Luther concerning faith and grace were Romans 1:17 and Romans 3:28. In these verses, Paul emphasizes that righteousness comes through faith in Jesus Christ, rather than through adherence to the law. These verses were instrumental in forming Luther's theology of salvation by faith alone.

Question 18

When he became the leader of the German Reformation, Luther chose
A)to preserve the social order.
B)to reject the power of princes and magistrates.
C)to support the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.
D)to question the social hierarchy.
E)to abandon his millenarian beliefs.

Accepted Answer

Luther chose to preserve the social order by aligning with the princes and magistrates, believing that their support was crucial for the success of the Reformation.

Question 19

In Catholic practice at the beginning of the sixteenth century, indulgences referred to
A)excesses in the enjoyment of earthly pleasures.
B)decrees releasing rulers from having to pay homage to the pope in person.
C)cancellations of punishment for sins in return for cash payment.
D)tolerance of marginally heretical beliefs.
E)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Indulgences were a form of pardon or forgiveness for sins that were available for purchase from the Catholic Church. People would pay money to the Church in exchange for the forgiveness or reduction of punishment for their sins. This practice became increasingly controversial and was one of the factors that led to the Protestant Reformation.

Question 20

In his treatise,  The Freedom of a Christian Man , Luther called on Germans to
A)strive for true spiritual freedom through faith in Christ.
B)discipline themselves.
C)obey legitimate political authority.
D)perform good works according to the dictates of Christian love.
E)all of the above

Accepted Answer

Luther's treatise called on Germans to strive for true spiritual freedom through faith in Christ, discipline themselves, obey legitimate political authority, and perform good works according to the dictates of Christian love. Therefore, all of the options are correct.

Quiz 14: The Reformation the Shattering of Christian Unity

Luther argued that the penalty of sin continues so long as

The followers of Luther, as a whole, believed that women

Though they would have a long-term impact, Wycliffe's ideas were rejected in the fourteenth century mainly because

For Luther the final religious authority was

Which of the following statements concerning humanists and religion is NOT correct?

According to the text, the main reason why the church did not immediately condemn Luther was

The founder of the Protestant Reformation was

According to Luther, the gulf between God and humans could only be bridged by

Which of the following is true of both John Wycliffe and Jan Hus?

Choose the correct sequence of events.

Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation was

The publication of the Ninety-Five Theses was prompted by the

Millenarianism (millenarian thinking) held that

The new religiosity in the Late Middle Ages included all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following would NOT be consistent with Luther's and Calvin's views on predestination?

At the outbreak of the Reformation in the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church

The two passages in the Bible that spoke to Luther concerning faith and grace both came from the book of

When he became the leader of the German Reformation, Luther chose

In Catholic practice at the beginning of the sixteenth century, indulgences referred to

In his treatise, The Freedom of a Christian Man , Luther called on Germans to